Aliens — Position of — Protection by national State — Corporations — Requirement that share capital must be owned by nationals of protecting State — British practice.

State responsibility — Kinds of — Responsibility for breaches of contractual obligations — Annulment of contractual obligations incurred by predecessor Government — Penalty deductions improperly made by Imperial Russian Government under contracts with foreign company — Soviet Decree of 1919 annulling claims upon the State in connection with First World War — Claim by foreign company to recover improper penalty payments.