Sea — Seabed — Area — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, and related instruments — Exploration and exploitation of mineral resources in the Area — Responsibility and obligations of sponsoring States — Notion of sponsorship — Definition of activities in the Area — Developing States

State responsibility — Meaning of “responsibility” and “liability” — Responsibility referring to primary obligations — Liability referring to consequences of breach of primary obligations — Distinction between direct obligations of States and responsibility to ensure certain behaviour by others — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, and related instruments — Exploration and exploitation ofmineral resources in the Area — Responsibility and obligations of sponsoring States — Obligation of due diligence — Precautionary approach

Environment — Marine environment — Deep seabed mining — Duty to protect the marine environment — Precautionary principle — Obligation of due diligence — International standards — Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration

International tribunals — International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea — Seabed Disputes Chamber — Advisory jurisdiction — Admissibility