States as international persons — Sovereignty and independence — In foreign relations — Relevance of international law requirements of validity to internal constitutional changes — Revolution Validity of 1966 Constitution of Uganda — The law of Uganda.

States as international persons — Recognition — Of Governments Revolution — International law requirements of validity of constitutional change — Validity of 1966 Constitution of Uganda — Relevanceof affidavit by official of Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Uganda that recognition had been accorded the revolutionary Government by other States — Competence of courts to accord recognition — The law of Uganda.

International law — Relation to municipal law — International requirements for validity of Constitution and Government of sovereign State — Revolution and coup d'état — Principle of effectiveness — Application of criteria of International law by municipal court — Validity of 1966 Constitution of Uganda — The law of Uganda.

International law — Relation to municipal law — Jus gentium — Doctrine of State necessity — Whether part of law of Rhodesia — De jure and de facto Government — Use of international law definition by municipal court — Whether same test to be applied.

States as international persons — Sovereignty and independence In foreign relations — In matters of domestic jurisdiction — Rhodesia — Independent statehood of — Evidence of — Internal autonomy — Colonial status — Power to legislate extra — territorially incompatible there with — Power to confer citizenship — Power to make treaties — Membership of international organizations — Whether sovereignty divisible — Possession of internal sovereignty by one State while another State exercises powers of external sovereignty — Semi — independent States — Whether domestic court has jurisdiction to adjudicate on status of revolutionary Government.

Recognition — Of Governments — De facto, de jure, effective Government, and Government “for the time being” — Meaning of terms — Establishment of new Government by revolution — Relevance of international recognition — Whether recognition a political act or an objective legal appreciation of facts — Whether internal sovereignty depends on external recognition — Whether success of revolution depends on acquiescence or recognition — Whether a question of fact — Requirements of effectiveness and continuity — Evidence — Certificate from Secretary of State for Common wealth Relations — Whether conclusive on courts of territory in which revolutionary Government is operating — Whether court can take judicial notice of what is going on around it — Non — recognition Effect of — Whether a vacuum in the law — Whether court can recognize legislation and administrative acts of unrecognized Government — Doctrine of State necessity — Validity of acts of unrecognized or unlawful Government — Tests — Burden of proof.

International organizations — Membership of — As evidence of independent statehood — United Nations Security Council — Resolutions of — Rhodesia — Effect of Resolutions — Whether constituting international recognition — Whether implying statehood.

States as international persons — In general — Beginning of State existence — Colonies — Rhodesia — Revolution — Acquisition of sovereignty by — Whether a legal order ceases to have validity when it loses efficacy — Whether new legal order acquires de jure validity retrospectively by replacing old order — Whether this doctrine applies to colonies — Constitutional status of Rhodesia — Whether unilateral declaration of independence a “fundamental change of circumstances” — International status of Rhodesia — Whether a State — Acquiescence and recognition — Relevance of — International organizations — Membership of — Relevance of — United Nations Security Council — Resolutions of — Relevance of — Internal and external sovereignty — Whether internal sovereignty depends on international recognition — Whether a question of fact — Duty of judges — Authority of court — Whether derived from 1961 Constitution or 1965 Constitution or from de facto Government.

States as international persons — In general — Beginning of State existence — Facts leading to independence of Laos and Vietnam — The law of France.

State succession — International conventions — Facts leading to independence of Laos and Vietnam — Whether Laos and Vietnam succeeded to obligations created for them by France while theywere still under French sovereignty — Application of Warsaw Convention, 1929 — The law of France.

States as international persons — In general — Beginning of State existence — Facts leading to independence of Laos and Vietnam — Whether Laos and Vietnam succeeded to obligations created for them by France while they were still under French sovereignty — Application of Warsaw Convention on International Air Transport, 1929 — The law of France.

International law — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — Need for municipal legislation — Effect of French Law authorizing ratification of Treaty of Independence for Vietnam before publication in Journal officiel — Events leading to independence of Vietnam — Whether French law or Indochinese law on industrial accidents applied in period before ratification and publication of Treaty of Independence — The law of France.

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Enforcement of — Necessity for municipal legislation — Effect of French law authorizing ratification of Treaty of Independence for Vietnam before publication in Journal officiel — Events leading to independence of Vietnam — Whether French Law or Indochinese law on industrial accidents applied in period between ratification and publication of Treaty of Independence — The law of France.

States as international persons — In general — Beginning of State existence — Events leading to independence of Vietnam — French national killed in Vietnam — Whether French law on compensation for industrial accidents applied to accident after ratification of treaty of independence was authorized by French law but before its publication in the Journal officiel — The law of France.

Dependent States — Status of Andorra — Whether a State distinct from the State of France — Whether Andorran “subjects” to be treated as foreigners for purpose of French procedural law — The law of France.

International law — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — Effect in municipal law of declaration offering application of multilateral treaty on basis of reciprocity — Whether declaration can only be relied on by parties to the treaty — Whether equivalent to accession for municipal law purposes — The law of Lesotho.

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Accession — Succession — Lesotho — Succession or accession to treaties acceded to by United Kingdom and extended to Basutoland — Multilateral conventions Geneva Convention on Refugees, 1951 — Lesotho Independence Order, 1966 — Letter by Prime Minister to U.N. Secretary — General regarding bilateral and multilateral treaties concluded by United Kingdom on behalf of Basutoland — Effect of declaration offering application of multilateral tre~ties on basis of reciprocity — Whether interim accession — The law of Lesotho.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of — Geneva Convention on Status of Refugees, Article 32 — Whether to be construed broadly — “As a result of events…” — Meaning of The law of Lesotho.

State Succession — International conventions — Multilateral treaties — Geneva Convention on Status of Refugees, 1951 — Lesotho, known before independence as Basutoland — Convention acceded to by United Kingdom and extended to Basutoland — Whether Lesotho succeeded or acceded to Convention — Letter by Prime Minister of Lesotho to U.N. Secretary-General regarding succession and accession by Lesotho to bilateral and multilateral treaties — Effect of declaration offering application of multilateral treaties on basis of reciprocity — Whether instrument of accession — Whether only parties to treaty could rely on such declaration — Whether individuals could rely on it — The law of Lesotho.

State territory — Parts of — Islands — Whether fact that islands under British soverei~nty are near French coast make France and England continous — Effect of decision of International Court of Justice in Minquiers and Ecréhos Case (1953) — Effect on French Law relating to time — limit. for appeals for persons resident in countries not adjacent to France.

State territory — Parts of — Water boundaries — Whether France and England contiguous for purpose of French Law relating to extension of time — limit for appeals for aliens resident in territories not adjacent to France — Effect of decision of International Court of Justice in Minquiers and Ecréhos Case (1953) — Effect on French law.

Aliens — Position of — Respect for property — Expropriation — Effect of Yugoslav nationalizations on French national receiving payment as official in Yugoslav State monopolies — Effect of Franco Yugoslav Agreement regarding compensation for effects of nationalization — The law of France.

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For debts — Effect of Yugoslav nationalizations on French national receiving payment as official in Yugoslav State monopolies — Effect of Franco-Yugoslav Agreement providing for compensation for effects of nationalizations — The law of France.

Nationality — Of corporations — Whether company resident in France whose share capital belongs almost entirely to a Spanish national is a French company — Whether as a French company it is subject to extraordinary French fiscal levies — The law of France.

Aliens — Position of — Respect for property — Rights acquired abroad by alien — Effect in State of forum — Whether Soviet copyright has effect in France — The law of France.

The individual in international law — Extradition — Political crimes — Murder — Killing of incurable lunatics and sterilization of Jews in Nazi Germany — Criteria for determination of offences of a political character — Validity and relevance of defences of “superior orders”, “Act of State” and the fact that acts were not punishable in Germany at the time of their commission — The law of Ghana.

International law — Relation to municipal law — Hierarchical superiority of international law — “Monism” — Multilateral conventions on matters of private law — The law of Morocco.

Protected States and protectorates — Responsibility of protecting State for international relations — Treaty — making — Succession of former protectorate to treaties made on its behalf by protecting State — The law of Morocco.

State Succession — International conventions — Warsaw Convention, 1929 (Article 40 (1)) — Protectorates — Whether signature and ratification by France resulted in application of Warsaw Convention to Morocco — Whether on attaining independence Morocco succeeded to Convention — The law of Morocco.

Treaties — Operation and enforcement of — Necessity for municipal legislation — Multilateral conventions relating to matters of private law — Whether publication is necessary — The law of Morocco.

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Parties to treaties — Right to conclude treaties — Composite and dependent States and territories — Protectorates — Morocco — Succession to treaties — Warsaw Convention, 1929 (Article 40 (1)) — Whether signature and ratification by France resulted in application of Convention to Morocco — Whether Morocco succeeded to Convention — The law of Morocco.

International law — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — Need for municipal legislation — Effect of provision in treaty relating to date of its entry into force — Effect of treaty from date of entry into force but before its ratification and publicadon — Legal effects of ratification and publication in French law — The law of France.

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Ratification of — Entry into force — Effect of provision in treaty relating to date of entry into force — Effect of treaty from date of entry into force but before ratification and publication — Legal effects of ratification and publication in French law — The law of France.

International law — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — Manner of incorporation into municipal law — Universal Declaration of Human Rights — The law of France.

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Necessity for municipal legislation — Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 — Effect of publication in Journal officiel — The law of France.

International law — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — Necessity for municipal legislation — Effect in France of Treaty not yet ratified or published in Journal officiel — Franco — Moroccan Treaty of 5 October 1957 providing for enforcement of foreign judgments — The law of France.

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Enforcement of — Necessity for municipal legislation — Ratification — Entry into force — Effect in France of treaty not yet ratified or published in Journal officiel — Franco–Moroccan Treaty of 5 October 1957 providing for enforcement of foreign judgments — Reciprocity — Irrelevance of acceptance of treaty by one party as in force before exchange of ratifications — The law of France.

International law — Relation to municipal law — Competence of administrative tribunal to interpret treaties — The law of France.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Agencies of interpretation — Who has authority to interpret a treaty — Authority of interpretation of Minister for Foreign Affairs — Competence of an administrative tribunal to interpret treaties — The law of France.

International law — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — Franco — Italian Agreement containing most — favoured — nation clause — Need for publication in Journal officiel — The law of France.

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Necessity for municipal legislation — Franco — Italian Agreement containing most — favourednation clause — Whether treaty enforceable in France with retroactive effect before publication in Journol officiel — The law of France.

Treaties — Special kinds of — Most-favoured-nation clause — Franco–Italian Convention on Establishment, 1951 — Whether clause had retroactive effect to benefit of Italians working in France — The law of France.

International Organization — Officials — Termination of appointment — Permanent appointment — Unsatisfactory services — Procedure — Error of fact — Remand of case for correction of procedure under Article 9, paragraph 2, of Statute of United Nations Administrative Tribunal — Compensation for procedural delay.