International law — Subjects of — Individuals — Whether entitled to challenge validity of legislation on ground of inconsistency with treaty — Relevance of specific provision for settlement of disputes arising under treaty — Convention on Settlement of Matters arising out of the War and the Occupation, 1954 — The law of Germany.

The individual in international law — Position of — Whether entitled to challenge validity of legislation on ground of inconsistency with treaty — Relevance of specific provision for settlement of disputes arising under treaty — Convention on Settlement of Matters arising out of the War and the Occupation, 1954 — The law of Germany.

International law — Relation to municipal law — Treaty providing that certain municipal legislation cannot be replaced except with consent of specified States — Convention on Settlement of Matters arising out of the War and the Occupation, 1954 — Restitution legislation required to be maintained in force by Federal Republic of Germany — Amendment and replacement of such legislation only with consent of the Three Powers — Whether Federal German Restitution Law, 1957, in breach of Convention, Chapter 1, Article 1, and Chapter 3, Articles 2, 3 and 4.

States as international persons — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Conclusiveness of statements of Executive — Extradition in absence of treaty — Dependent upon reciprocity — Existence of reciprocity a matter for executive determination — The law of Argentina.

Jurisdiction — Territorial limits of — Foreign confiscatory legislation — Nationalization of foreign company — Substitution of state enterprise — Appointment of administrator of assets of former company situate in forum State — Validity of appointment — Locus standi of State enterprise to appeal against appointment — The law of Austria.

Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Foreign confiscatory decree — Nationalization of foreign company — Substitution of State enterprise — Assets of nationalized company in forum State — Appointment of administrator of assets in forum State — Whether appointment valid — Locus standi of State enterprise to appeal against appointment — The law of Austria.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Over property — Recognition of foreign — confiscatory legislation — Whether forum may review validity of foreign legislation — Indonesian confiscatory legislation — The law of Germany.

State responsibility — For revocation of concessions — Confiscation — Adequacy of compensation — Conditions of payment — Effect of failure to apply for payment — Effect of unimplemented legislation providing for payment — Discrimination — Former colonial territories — Position of nationals of former colonial authority — Alleged political motivation — Revocation of concessions owned by Netherlands nationals in Indonesia — The law of Germany.

State responsibility — Damages — Whether damages exclusive remedy for illegal act — Effect of illegal taking of alien property — Whether open to review by courts of third States — The law of Germany.

Aliens — Position of — Respect for property — Expropriation Adequacy of compensation — Conditions of payment — Effect of failure to apply for payment — Effect of unimplemented legislation providing for payment — Discrimination — Former colonial territories — Position of nationals of former colonial authority — Alleged political motivation — Revocation of concessions owned by Netherlands nationals in Indonesia — The law of Germany.

Treaties — Termination of — By act of party — Mutual consent — Round Table Conference Agreements of 1949 between Netherlands and Indonesia.

Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Foreign confiscatory legislation — Effect of — Whether forum may review validity of foreign legislation — Validity in relation to international law — Constitutional validity — Relevance of public policy of forum — Lex rei sitae — Extraterritorial effect of — Termination of foreign concession — Crop harvested on land formerly subject of concession — Crop exported to country of forum — Indonesian confiscatory legislation against Netherlands nationals — The law of Germany.

Jurisdiction — Territorial limits of — Foreign confiscatory legislation — Expropriation of business — Fate of trade — marks owned bybusiness — Madrid Arrangement on International Registration of Trade — Marks — The law of Italy.

Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Foreign confiscatory legislation — Expropriation of business enterprise in Eastern Germany — Substitution of “People's Enterprise” for expropriated enterprise — Owners of expropriated enterprise reconstituting business in Western Germany — Fate of trade-marks owned by expropriated enterprise — Registration of trade-marks by expropriated owners in Western Germany and at International Bureau — Use of trade-marks in Italy — Whether West German enterprise or “People's Enterprise” entitled to use trade-marks — Madrid Arrangement on International Registration of Trade Marks — The law of Italy.

States as international persons — Sovereignty and independence — Conclusiveness of statements of Executive — As to status of territory — Protectorate of Northern Rhodesia — Whether foreign territory for purpose of issue of writ of habeas corpus by, English High Court.

Jurisdiction — Territorial limits of — Jurisdiction of English High Court to issue writ of habeas corpus into protectorate — Whether writ will issue to protect British national in foreign State — Trespass on sovereignty of foreign State — Principle of effectiveness.

States as international persons — Dependent States — Protectorates — Relationship to protecting State — Northern Rhodesia — Whether a “foreign dominion” of British Crown — Whether foreign territory for purpose of issue of writ of habeas corpus by English High Court — Sovereignty — Divisibility of — Variable nature of protectorates — Compared with colony or territory acquired by conquest.

State responsibility — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs — Executive inaction — Damage caused in territory of dependent State — Executive authority in dependent State exercised by protecting State — Lack of diligence of French police in Tunisia before establishment of independent sovereign State of Tunisia — Whether France or Tunisia liable for damage caused.

Dependent States — Status of Tunisia before establishment of independent sovereign State of Tunisia — Exercise of executive power by French authorities — Claim for damages for alleged lack of diligence of French authorities — Whether France or Tunisia liable.

Nationality — Acquisition of — As affected by change of sovereignty — Native inhabitants of territory formerly under mandate and trusteeship — Nationality after independence of territory — Establishment of State of Cameroon.

Mandated and Trust Territories — Status of inhabitants — Independence of territory formerly under mandate and trusteeship — Establishment of State of Cameroon — Nationality of inhabitants.

Continuity of States — Establishment of Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic — Succession to multilateral conventions to which former German Reich a Party — Whether Federal Republic of Germany or German Democratic Republic succeeds to rights and obligations under conventions — The law of Germany.

State succession — To international conventions — Division of State into separate States — Establishment of Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic — Whether Federal Republic of Germany or German Democratic Republic succeeds to rights and obligations under conventions to which former German Reich a Party — The law of Germany.

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Accession to treaties — Accession by “country” — Accession by “country” not recognized by a Party — Whether that Party bound to treat acceding country as a Party — International Convention for Protection of Industrial Property, 1883 — Effect of non-recognition of German Democratic Republic by Federal Republic of Germany — The law of Germany.

Treaties — Special kinds of — Protection of trade — marks — International Convention for Protection of Industrial Property, 1883 — Nature of protection — Effect of international registration — Relation to national registration — The law of Germany.

War — Effects of outbreak of — On treaties — Multilateral treaties — Suspension of operation of — Re-application of — Whether Party entitled to exclude operation during period subsequent to period of hostilities — International Convention for Protection of Industrial Property, 1883 — Re-application by German DemocraticRepublic — The law of Germany.

States — Recognition of — Right of “country” to accede to multilateral treaty — Whether accession by country binding upon other Party in absence of recognition — International Convention for Protection of Industrial Property, 1883 — Notification by German Democratic Republic of re-application of Convention — Non-recognition by Federal Republic of Germany of German Democratic Republic — Whether Federal Republic of Germany bound to treat German Democratic Republic as a Party — The law of Germany.

Dual nationality — Voluntary resumption by Israel national of former German nationality — Taking out of licence to practise as advocate in Israel and in Germany — Offences against German fiscal laws — Public policy.

Diplomatic and consular intercourse — Miscellaneous — Meaning of “diplomatic or consular representative of a foreign State” — Status of Israel Purchasing Mission in Cologne — Whether appropriate organ for transmission of request for judicial assistance in absence of diplomatic or consular relations — The law of Israel.

Recognition — Of States — Implied recognition — Effect of conclusion of bilateral agreement on reparation — Whether constituting mutual recognition — Agreement between Israel and Federal Republic of Germany concerning Reparation, 1952 — The law of Israel.

Aliens — Expulsion of — Procedure of expulsion — "Country" to which alien to be deported — Determination of Government to which application for acceptance of individual should be made Recognition of — The Nationalist and Communist Governments of China — The law of the United States of America.

Recognition — Of Governments — Deportation of individual to home territory — Territory subject to de jure authority of one Government and de facto control of another — Determination of Government to which application for acceptance of individual should be made — The Nationalist and Communist Governments of China — The law of the United States of America.

Extinction of States — Annexation of Latvia by Union of Soviet Socialist Republics — Non — recognition of — By United States of America — Effect on prior Treaty.

Aliens — Position of — Treatment by receiving State — Standing to sue in receiving State — Annexation of Latvia by Union of Soviet Socialist Republics — Non — recognition of — By United States of America — Effect of non — recognition on prior Treaty — The law of the United States of America.

Treaties — Termination of — By operation of law — Extinction of contracting Party — Annexation of Latvia by Union of Soviet Socialist Republics — Non–recognition of — By United States of America — Effect on prior Treaty — Access to courts by nationals of contracting States.

Recognition — Of annexation — Annexation of Latvia by Union of Soviet Socialist Republics — Non-recognition of — By United States of America — Effect on prior treaty — Access to courts — The law of the United States of America.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of — Strict construction — Warsaw Convention of 1929 regarding International Air Transport.

State territory — Sovereignty over the air — Warsaw Convention of 1929 regarding International Air Transport — Limitation of liability of air carrier — Statement of limitation of liability in air waybill — Incorporation by reference — Extinguishment of action by lapse of time — Failure to assert claim in judicial proceedings — Notification of intent to set off claim against air carrier — Effect of.

State territory — Territorial waters — Jurisdiction in — Injury to alien seaman — Action by resident of State of forum for injury suffered in State of forum — Substantial contacts with State of forum — Foreign shipowner — Indirect ownership of foreign flag vessel by nationals Qf State of forum — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Territorial limits of — Right of action of seaman suffering personal injury — Action by foreign seaman resident in State of forum — Injury sustained in territorial waters of State of forum — Substantial contacts with State of forum — Foreign shipowner — Indirect ownership of foreign flag vessel by nationals of State of forum — The law of the United States of America.

State territory — Sovereignty over the air — Position of national aircraft outside national airspace — Whether labour relations on aircraft governed by national law — Position of foreign employees of air carrier — Doctrine of law of the flag — Applicability of — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Personal — Over nationals abroad and their property abroad — Foreign employees of air carrier — Statute requiring collective bargaining to determine wages and working conditions — Territorial limits of — Applicability to flights wholly outside territory of State of nationality of owner — Applicability to foreign-based alien employees of domestic air carrier — Doctrine of law of the flag — Applicability of — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — On the high seas — Doctrine of law of the flag — Applicability to aircraft — Statute requiring collective bargaining to determine wages and working conditions aboard aircraft — Flights wholly outside territory of State of flag — Wages and working conditions of foreign-based alien employees — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Jurisdiction over aircraft and their personnel — Statute requiring collective bargaining to determine wages and working conditions — Applicability to flights wholly outside territory of State of nationality of owner — Applicability to foreign-based alien employees of domestic air carrier — Doctrine of law of the flag — Applicability of — The law of the United States of America.

State territory — Sovereignty over the air — Position of national aircraft outside national airspace — Whether labour relations on aircraft governed by national law — Position of foreign employees of air carrier — Doctrine of law of the flag — Applicability of — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Personal — Over nationals abroad and their property abroad — Foreign employees of air carrier — Statute requiring collective bargaining to determine wages and working conditions — Territorial limits of — Applicability to flights wholly outside territory of State of nationality of owner — Applicability to foreign-based alien employees of domestic air carrier — Doctrine of law of the flag — Applicability of — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — On the high seas — Doctrine of law of the flag — Applicability to aircraft — Statute requiring collective bargaining to determine wages and working conditions aboard aircraft — Flights wholly outside territory of State of flag — Wages and working conditions of foreign-based alien employees — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Territorial limits of Jurisdiction — Jurisdiction over aircraft and their personnel — Statute requiring collective bargaining to determine wages and working conditions — Applicability to flights wholly outside territory of State of nationality of owner — Applicability to foreign-based alien employees of domestic air carrier — Doctrine of law of flag — Applicability of — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Order of court to produce documents situate in foreign country — Control over documents — Violation of laws of foreign State — Effect of — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Criminal jurisdiction over foreigners — Offences committed in territory of forum — Subsequent escape of offenders to home State from which no extradition possible — Right of home State to prosecute precluded by amnesty — Return of offenders to territory of forum — Whether courts of forum entitled to exercise jurisdiction notwithstanding amnesty in home State — The law of Austria.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Over ports and national waters — Statute providing right of action to seaman suffering personal injury — Interpretation of statute consistently with international law — Action by foreign seaman against foreign shipowner for Injury sustained in territorial waters of State of forum — The law of the United States of America.