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2. For recent work that addresses the theme of transformations in state sovereignty, see Krasner, Stephen, “Westphalia and All That,” in Goldstein, Judith and Keohane, Robert O., eds., Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions and Political Change (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1993), pp. 235–64Google Scholar; Ruggie, John Gerard, “Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations,” International Organization 47 (Winter 1993), pp. 139–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Sikkink, Kathryn, “Human Rights, Principled Issue-Networks, and Sovereignty in Latin America,” International Organization 47 (Summer 1993), pp. 411–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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20. Mink, , Old Labor and New Immigrants in American Political Development, p. 42Google Scholar.

21. For an analysis of the economic and social roots of the variation in the political activity of exclusive and inclusive unions, see Marks, Gary, Unions in Politics: Britain, Germany, and the United States in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1989)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On the variation in the positions of the AFL and CIO at the time of the merger, see AFL, CIO, and AFL–CIO statements and documents, box 27, files 14–32, George Meany Archives, Silver Spring, Md.

22. Piore, Birds of Passage.

23. Delgado, Hector L., New Immigrants and Old Unions: Organizing Undocumented Workers in Los Angeles (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993), pp. 58–99 and 107Google Scholar.

24. For a more enlightening explanation of why these jobs exist in the New York garment industry in particular, see Waldinger, Roger, Through the Eye of the Needle: Immigrants and Enterprise in New York's Garment Trades (New York: New York University Press, 1986), chap. 4Google Scholar.

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28. Excerpts of opinion are from Interpreter Releases 20 July 1984, pp. 579–580; syllabus of the opinion prepared by the Supreme Court's Reporter of Decisions is from Interpreter Releases, 29 06 1984, pp. 512–514Google Scholar.

29. See Delgado, , New Immigrants and Old Unions, pp. 101–31Google Scholar; and Blanco and Kim, “How Employer Sanctions Undermine the Enforcement of Federal Labor Laws.”

30. U.S. Department of Labor, Employer Sanctions and U.S. Labor Markets: First Report (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, 1991), p. 11Google Scholar.

31. U.S. Department of Labor, Employer Sanctions and U.S. Labor Markets: Second Report (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, 1991), p. 26Google Scholar.

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34. Prepared statement of Golodner, Jack, president, Department for Professional Employees, AFL–CIO, in U.S. Congress, House, Hearings on Immigration Act of 1989 (part 3) 101st Congress, 2d sess., 7 03 1990, pp. 440–66Google Scholar.

35. Based on personal interviews in Washington, D.C., January 1993, May 1993, and March 1994. This study employs data from interviews conducted in Washington, D.C., New York, and Los Angeles. The interviews were conducted on the condition of anonymity. Most of the interviewees were union officials. Some of the interviewees were representatives of conservative organizations or a range of liberal ethnic organizations, former members of SCIRP, Congress, congressional staff, and the Department of Labor. This study also uses data from the SCIRP hearings. Statements and other material submitted to the SCIRP hearings and transcripts of the hearings are available in the National Archives, Washington, D.C.

36. Personal interview with the deputy general counsel of the American Federation of Government Employees, Washington, D.C, 25 August 1994.

37. See American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (AFSCME), Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth International Convention, 1980Google Scholar; Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth International Convention, 1982; Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth International Convention, 1984; Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh International Convention, 1986; Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth International Convention, 1988; Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth International Convention, 1990; Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Convention, 1992; and Proceedings of the Thirty-First International Convention, 1994 (Washington, D.C.: AFSCME, 1981–1995, respectively)Google Scholar.

38. Personal interviews in Washington, D.C., December 1993, and in Los Angeles, January 1994.

39. On the new ILGWU policy toward undocumented workers that began to emerge in the late 1970s, see North American Congress on Latin America, “Undocumented Immigrant Workers in New York City,” special issue, Report on the Americas 13 (11–12 1979), p. 43Google Scholar; and Olmo, Frank Del, “Illegal Aliens Target of Union Organizers,” Los Angeles Times, 30 01 1975, part 2, p. 1Google Scholar.

40. Personal interview in New York, March 1993.

41. See testimony of Jay Mazur, vice president, ILGWU, in SCIRP hearings, New York, 21 January 1980; statement of Phil Russo, director of organization for the Western States Region, ILGWU, in SCIRP hearings, Los Angeles, 5 February 1980; and prepared statement of Frederick Siems, executive vice president, ILGWU, in U.S. Congress, House, Hearings on Immigration Reform, 97th Congress, 1st sess., 21 10 1981, pp. 362–64Google Scholar.

42. See Russo, in SCIRP hearings; Mazur, in SCIRP hearings; Siems, in U.S. Congress, Hearings on Immigration and Reform; and personal interviews in New York, March 1993, and in Los Angeles, January 1994.

43. Prepared statement of Muzaffar Chishti, director, Immigration Project, ILGWU, in U.S. Congress, House, Hearings on IRCA Anti-discrimination Amendments Act of 1990, 101st Congress, 2d sess., 27 06 1990, p. 438Google Scholar.

44. Prepared statement of Bowsher, Charles A., Comptroller General of the United States, in U.S. Congress, Senate Hearings on the Implementation of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, 101st Congress, 2d sess., 30 03 1990, pp. 52–64Google Scholar; and Chishti, , in U.S. Congress, Hearings on IRCA Anti-Discrimination Amendments Act of 1990, pp. 434–43Google Scholar.

45. Statement of Russo, in SCIRP hearings; “Court Backs ILG Versus ‘Illegal Alien’ Shop Raids,” Justice (New York: ILGWU), 07–08 1982, p. 2Google Scholar; “INS Raids Firm that Votes in the Union,” Justice January 1993, p. 7; and “Supreme Court Sustains INS on Factory Sweeps,” Interpreter Releases, 20 April 1984, pp. 296–300.

46. Personal interviews in New York, July 1993.

47. Statement of Joan Suarez, national representative and assistant manager of the San Antonio district, ACTWU, in SCIRP hearings, San Antonio, 17 December 1979, p. 2.

48. Transcript of SCIRP hearings, San Antonio, 17 December 1979, p. 139.

49. Weinstein, Henry, “Unions Will Open Six Centers to Assist Aliens with Amnesty,” Los Angeles Times, 2 05 1987, part 1, p. 34Google Scholar; and Labor Unity (New York: ACTWU), 04 1989, p. 12Google Scholar.

50. See Suarez, in SCIRP hearings; ACTWU, Report of the Convention Proceedings: Third Constitutional Convention, 1984 (New York: ACTWU, n.d.), p. 187Google Scholar; and personal interview in New York, July 1993.

51. ACTWU, Report of the Convention Proceedings: Sixth Constitutional Convention, 1993 (New York: ACTWU, n.d.), pp. 76–77Google Scholar.

52. Union (Washington, D.C.: SEIU), (Winter 1990), p. 4Google Scholar; and Gutloflf, Karen, “The Making of a Million,” Union (Spring 1992), p. 2Google Scholar.

53. SEIU, “Who We Are: The SEIU Census Report,” SEIU, Washington, D.C., n.d.

54. SEIU, “Report of the Immigration Committee to the International Executive Board,” SEIU, Washington, D.C., 2 03 1992, p. 1Google Scholar.

55. SEIU, “Policy Resolutions Adopted by the Twentieth Quadrennial Convention of the SEIU, April 1992,” SEIU, Washington, D.C., n.d., pp. 90–93Google Scholar.

56. Statement of Sweeney, John J., president, SEIU, in U.S. Congress, House, Hearings on Employer Sanctions, 103d Congress, 1st sess., 16 06 1993, pp. 419–422Google Scholar.

57. Personal interviews in Washington, D.C., May 1993, and in Los Angeles, January 1994; and SEIU, “Report of the Immigration Committee to the International Executive Board.”

58. “New Dimensions in Unionism,” Union (May/June 1988), p. 10; and U.S. Department of Labor, Impact of IRCA on the U.S. Labor Market and Economy, p. 114Google Scholar.

59. Immigration Committee, Los Angeles County Federation of Labor, AFL–CIO, “The Impact of the Immigration Reform and Control Act on Organized Labor in Los Angeles,” p. 439Google Scholar; and personal interview in Los Angeles, January 1994.

60. Sweeney, John, “Organizing the New Workforce,” Service Employee, 04/05 1986, p. 2Google Scholar.

61. Bardacke, Frank, “Decline and Fall of the U.F.W.: Cesar's Ghost,” Nation, 26 07/2 08 1993, p. 132Google Scholar.

62. See Jenkins, J. Craig, The Politics of Insurgency: The Farm Worker Movement in the 1960s (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), p. 200Google Scholar; and Calavita, “California's ‘Employer Sanctions’ Legislation.”

63. Prepared statement of the UFW on the subject of amnesty, in U.S. Congress, Hearings on Immigration Reform, 14 10 1981, pp. 70–71Google Scholar.

64. See “Preliminary Injunction Denied in UFW,” Interpreter Releases, 26 September 1988, p. 986; and “1.1 Million Apply for SAW Amnesty,” Interpreter Releases, 5 December 1988, p. 1,256.

65. “Illegal Alien Curbs: House Action Stalled,” Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 20 March 1976, p. 641.

66. Testimony of Stephanie Bower, coordinator, Legislative Department, UFW, in U.S. Congress, Senate Hearings on the Knowing Employment of Illegal Immigrants, 97th Congress, 1st sess., 30 09 1981, p. 78Google Scholar.

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68. On construction unions, see Waldinger, Roger and Bailey, Thomas, “The Continuing Significance of Race: Racial Conflict and Racial Discrimination in Construction,” Politics and Society 19 (09 1991), pp. 291–324CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bailey, Thomas, Immigrants and Native Workers (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1987)Google Scholar; and Mills, Daniel Quinn, “Labor Relations and Collective Bargaining,” in Lange, Julian E. and Mills, Daniel Quinn, eds., The Construction Industry (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1979)Google Scholar.

69. Biemiller, Andrew J., director, Department of Legislation, AFL–CIO, in U.S. Congress, House, Hearings on Illegal Aliens, 94th Congress, 1st sess., 5 03 1975, p. 200Google Scholar.

70. Personal interview in Washington, D.C., June 1993.

71. Personal interviews in Washington, D.C., July 1992 and June 1993, New York, March 1993, and Los Angeles, January 1994. See also Building and Construction Trades Department, AFL–CIO, Report of the Proceedings of the Sixty-Second Convention, 1983 (Washington, D.C.: Building and Construction Trades Department, AFL–CIO, n.d.), pp. 378–382Google Scholar; Building and Construction Trades Department, AFL–CIO, Report of the Proceedings of the Sixty-Third Convention, 1985, pp. 381–390Google Scholar; and statement of Gilbert Kissling, vice-president, Texas AFL–CIO, in SCIRP hearings, San Antonio, Texas, 17 December 1979.

72. Personal interviews in Washington, D.C., June 1993, and in Los Angeles, January 1994.

73. See Immigration Committee, Los Angeles County Federation of Labor, AFL–CIO, “The Impact of the Immigration Reform and Control Act on Organized Labor in Los Angeles”; and personal interviews in Los Angeles, January 1994.

74. Industrial Union Department, AFL–CIO, “Adopted Resolutions: Nineteenth Constitutional Convention, 1992,” p. 110Google Scholar.

75. See Labor Council for Latin American Advancement, “Resolutions and Statements Adopted by the Ninth National Membership Meeting, 1992” (Washington, D.C.: Labor Council for Latin American Advancement, n.d.), pp. 10–11Google Scholar; Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance, APALA News 2 (Fall 1993), p. 10Google Scholar; and personal interview in Los Angeles, January 1994.

76. Resolution on undocumented workers adopted at the national convention of the Coalition of Labor Union Women, 16 September 1979, in SCIRP hearings, box 10, executive director's Subject File.

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78. Prepared statement of Kirkland, Lane, president, AFL–CIO, in U.S. Congress, Senate, Hearings on Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1982, 97th Congress, 2d sess., 20 04 1982, p. 415Google Scholar.

79. Statement by the AFL–CIO Executive Council on immigration, 24 February 1983, in U.S. Congress, Senate, Hearings on Immigration Reform and Control Act, 98th Congress, 1st sess., 7 03 1983, pp. 521–22Google Scholar.

80. Testimony of Donahue, Thomas R., secretary–treasurer, AFL–CIO, in U.S. Congress, House, Hearings on Immigration Control and Legalization Amendments, 99th Congress, 1st sess., 9 09 1985, p. 57Google Scholar.

81. AFL–CIO, Proceedings of the AFL–CIO Convention, Seventeenth Convention, 1987 (Washington, D.C.: AFL–CIO, n.d.), p. 460Google Scholar. Also, personal interviews in Washington, D.C., January 1993, and in Los Angeles, January 1994.

82. See Stansbury, Jeff, “L.A. Labor and the New Immigrants,” Labor Research Review 8 (Spring 1989), pp. 19–29Google Scholar; “Interview with CIWA and LIAP representatives,” in June McMahon, Amy Finkel-Shimshon, and Miki Fujimoto, “Organizing Latino Workers in Southern California,” manuscript, Los Angeles, Center for Labor Research and Education, University of California, Los Angeles, 28 June 1991, pp. 17–19; “New Immigration Rules Explored,” AFL–CIO News, 24 January 1987, p. 2; “Immigrant Aid Spurs Organizing Gains,” AFL–CIO News, 14 November 1987, p. 1; “Immigrants Turning to Labor for Aid,” AFL–CIO News, 19 March 1988, p. 1; “Immigrants Hurdle Language Barrier in LA Labor's Study Courses,” AFL-CIO News, 18 February 1989, pp. 1 and 13; and “Hispanics Respond to Intensified CIWA Effort,” AFL–CIO News, 28 May 1990, p. 11.

83. Personal interview in Washington, D.C., January 1993.

84. AFL–CIO, “Policy Resolutions Adopted October 1993 by the AFL–CIO Convention” (Washington, D.C.: AFL–CIO, n.d.), p. 14Google Scholar.

85. Personal interviews in Washington, D.C., January 1993 and June 1993.

86. Personal interviews in Washington, D.C., January 1993, and in New York, November 1993; and prepared statement of Thomas Donahue, secretary-treasurer, AFL–CIO, in U.S. Congress, Hearings on Immigration Act of 1989, 7 03 1990, pp. 435–36Google Scholar.

87. AFL–CIO, “Policy Resolutions Adopted October 1993 by the AFL–CIO Convention,” p. 14Google Scholar.

88. Calavita, Inside the State.

89. Zolberg, “Bounded States in a Global Market.”

90. Personal interviews in Washington, D.C., June 1992 and January 1993; and memorandum from the director of the Department of Economic Research, AFL–CIO, to research directors of unions, 4 September 1991.

91. Testimony of John Tanton, chairman, Federation for American Immigration Reform, in U.S. Congress, Senate, Hearings on Legalization of Illegal Immigrants, 97th Congress, 2d sess., 29 10 1981, pp. 115–116Google Scholar.

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