^{page 165 note 1} Robert, Paul, Dictionnaire alphabétique et analogique de la Langue française (Paris, 1972).Google Scholar Similarly, the word cléricalisme, whose first appearance is dated 1866, is defined as “opinion de ceux qui sont partisans d'une immixtion du clergé dans la politique”.

^{page 165 note 2} “Et je ne fais que traduire les sentiments intimes du peuple de France en disant du cléricalisme ce qu'en disait un jour mon ami Peyrat: Le cléricalisme? voilà l'ennemi!” Discours et plaidoyers choisis de Léon Gambetta (Paris, 1901), p. 237.

^{page 165 note 3} La Séparation de l'Eglise et de l'Etat (1905), présentée par Jean-Marie Mayeur (Paris, 1966), pp. 10–11.Google Scholar

^{page 166 note 1} There were a minority of Radicals who did hope to bring about the total destruction of the Church. About thirty of them were to vote with the “Revolutionary Socialists” during the debates on the separation of State and Church in 1905. See below, p. 181, note 4.

^{page 166 note 2} Vaillant's faction took the title of Comité révolutionnaire central until 1898, when it became the Parti Socialiste Révolutionnaire. After 1902, this party merged with the Guesdists to form the Parti Socialiste de France.

^{page 167 note 1} Goldberg, Harvey, The Life of Jean Jaurès (Madison, 1962), ch. 11.Google Scholar

^{page 167 note 2} Willard, Claude, Le Mouvement socialiste en France (1893–1905). Les Guesdistes (Paris, 1965).Google Scholar

^{page 167 note 3} Dommanget, Maurice, Edouard Vaillant, un grand socialiste (Paris, 1956).Google Scholar

^{page 167 note 4} Dommanget, , Les Idées politiques et sociales d'Auguste Blanqui (Paris, 1957), pp. 271–72.Google Scholar

^{page 167 note 5} Ibid., p. 131.

^{page 168 note 1} Indeed, in 1875, Marx actually criticises the German Social Democrats for not having given more space in their party programme to the Socialist view of anticlericalism. Karl, Marx et Frédéric, Engels, Critique des Programmes socialistes de Gotha et d'Erfurt (Paris, 1948), p. 37.Google Scholar

^{page 168 note 2} Willard, Les Guesdistes, op. cit., p. 550.

^{page 168 note 3} Howorth, Jolyon, “Edouard Vaillant and the French socialist movement. The tactics of ‘total action’” (Ph.D. thesis, Reading University, 1973), Pt II.Google Scholar This thesis will be published shortly in revised form by Maspero, Paris. Vaillant was in fact more of a Marxist than a Blanquist. On this point, see Howorth, Jolyon, “The Myth of Blanquism under the Third Republic”, in: Journal of Modern History, XLVIII (1976).Google Scholar

^{page 169 note 1} Aux Communeux (London, 1874).

^{page 169 note 2} “La Rentrée des Chambres”, in: Ni Dieu Ni Maître, 30 January 1881.

^{page 169 note 3} Howorth, “Edouard Vaillant and the French socialist movement”, Pt II, Section II.

^{page 169 note 4} Ausgewählte Briefe von und an Ludwig Feuerbach, ed. by Bolin, Wilhelm (Leipzig, 1904), I, pp. 189–90.Google Scholar

^{page 169 note 5} “Athée”, in: Le Parti Socialiste, 28 February 1892.

^{page 170 note 1} Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Correspondence (Moscow, n.d.), p. 151.

^{page 170 note 2} Trotsky, Leon, who first read Darwin in 1899 at the age of twenty, later recalled how his “description of the way in which the pattern on the peacock's feathers formed itself naturally, banished for ever the idea of the Supreme Being from his mind”. Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Armed (New York, 1965), p. 38.Google Scholar

^{page 170 note 3} Dommanget, Les Idées politiques, op. cit., p. 280.

^{page 170 note 4} This question is explored at some length in my forthcoming book on Vaillant.

^{page 170 note 5} Marx, , “Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right”, in Marx and Engels, On Religion (New York, 1964), p. 41.Google Scholar

^{page 171 note 1} Henri, Guillemin, at any rate, argues this case in L'Arrière-pensée de Jaurès (Paris, 1966), p. 37.Google Scholar

^{page 171 note 2} Willard, Les Guesdistes, p. 60.

^{page 171 note 3} “L'Evolution socialiste – Vaillant”, in: Le Parti Socialiste, 2 August 1891.

^{page 171 note 4} “Concentration réactionnaire”, in: Le Parti Socialiste, 27 September 1891.

^{page 171 note 5} For a good, concise presentation of this tradition, see Eric Cahm, Politics and Society in Contemporary France (London, 1972), pp. 376–77.Google Scholar

^{page 172 note 1} McManners, John, Church and State in France, 1870–1914 (New York, 1972), pp. 140–43.Google Scholar

^{page 172 note 2} “Cléricaux et opportunistes”, in: Le Parti Socialiste, 20 December 1891; “Laïcisation”, in: La Petite République, 19 July 1895; “Réponse de Vaillant”, in: Le Mouvement Socialiste, 1 11 1902, p. 1938.Google Scholar

^{page 172 note 3} See on this point Kayser, Jacques, Les Grandes Batailles du Radicalisme (Paris, 1962), p. 192.Google Scholar

^{page 172 note 4} “Laïcisation”, loc. cit.

^{page 173 note 1} Ibid.

^{page 173 note 2} Despite a great deal of talk about separation of Church and State, it was the lay schools which were actually brought into question in this period, the Cempuis orphanage being a case in point. See Dommanget, , Les Grands Educa-teurs – Jean Jaurès (Paris, 1954), pp. 8–9Google Scholar; Emile, Levasseur, Questions ouvrières et industrielles en France sous la Troisième République (Paris, 1907), p. 853.Google Scholar Vaillant's own reaction in “Tartuffes et Gredins”, in: La Petite République, 16 November 1894. The Church also began to fill many of the official posts it had lost during the initial wave of anticlericalism in the 1870's.

^{page 173 note 3} In 1896, he referred to them as “snobs dilettants et sectaires”, “Hors la Salle”, in: La Carmagnole, 28 November 1896. The two following quotations are taken from the same article.

^{page 174 note 1} “Question cléricale”, in: La Petite République, 16 July 1897.

^{page 174 note 2} “Action anticléricale”, in: La Petite République, 8 October 1897.

^{page 174 note 3} Ibid.

^{page 175 note 1} Goldberg, The Life of Jean Jaurès, op. cit., pp. 293–300.

^{page 175 note 2} “Pas de Collaborations”, in: Le Socialiste, 2–9 August 1903. The two following quotations are taken from the same article.

^{page 176 note 1} See another article by Bonnier in the same vein, “Renan et Combes”, in: Le Socialiste, 13–20 September 1903.

^{page 176 note 2} There can be no more striking example of this divergence than a comparison of Bonnier's article “Pas de Collaborations”, loc. cit., with one by Vaillant's lieutenant, Emile Landrin, “La Lutte antireligieuse”, published on the same page of the same issue of Le Socialiste.

^{page 176 note 3} “Calomnie et Vérité”, in: Le Socialiste, 25 October – 2 November 1902. Vaillant concluded his article by suggesting that the fact that the two views complemented each other proved the strength of POF-PSR unity.

^{page 177 note 1} “Armement et Désarmement”, in: Le Socialiste, 16–23 August 1903. This article was an attempt by Vaillant to undo some of the damage caused by the publication of the divergent articles quoted in note 2 on p. 176.

^{page 177 note 2} See in particular “Réponse de Vaillant”, in: Le Mouvement Socialiste, 1 November 1902.

^{page 177 note 3} La Séparation de l'Eglise et de l'Etat, op. cit., p. 23.

^{page 177 note 4} Witness Suarez: “Dans l'esprit de ceux qui l'avaient décidée, la loi de Séparation devait être un instrument de déchristianisation, une arme contre l'Eglise et la foi. Briand ne veut pas faire une loi qui ‘soit comme un révolver braqué contre l'Eglise’. Briand imprègne son oeuvre d'une sorte de sérénité supérieure qui laisse à l'Eglise comme à l'Etat, les moyens de se protéger contre les em-piètements mutuels.” Georges Suarez, Briand, II (Paris, 1938), p. 42.

^{page 177 note 5} The members of the “Revolutionary Socialist” opposition were: Allard, Bouveri, Chauvière, Constans, Coutant, Dejeante, Delory, Dufour, Piger, Sembat, Thivrier, Vaillant and Walter.

^{page 178 note 1} Journal Officiel, Chambre – Débats, 10 04 1905, pp. 1293–1300.Google Scholar

^{page 178 note 2} He stressed in particular the difference between “liberté de conscience”, which he considered as belonging to the domain of “droit privé”, and “liberté de religion”, which he called a “droit public”.

^{page 178 note 3} Journal Officiel, op. cit., pp. 1300–02.

^{page 180 note 1} Ibid., 27 March 1905, p. 1086.

^{page 181 note 1} Especially to Article 4 (three amendments proposed) and Articles 1, 9, 10, 18.

^{page 181 note 2} Journal Officiel, 20 June 1905, p. 2333.

^{page 181 note 3} Ibid., 3 July 1905, p. 2688.

^{page 181 note 4} There were 59 deputies who voted in favour of the “extremists'” amendment. In addition to the 13 “Revolutionary Socialists” mentioned on p. 177, note 5, there were 12 members of the Parti Socialiste Français (Jauressist) and about 30 members of the “radical-socialiste” group.

^{page 182 note 1} Journal Officiel, 20 June 1905, p. 2333.