^{page 598 note 1} See Study on the re-appraisal of the role of the Red Cross. Final report: an agenda for Red Cross, by Tansley, Donald D., Study Director, Geneva, 1975.Google Scholar Tansley proposes that the Standing Commission should be elected by the Council of Delegates and that it should contain the same number of members from both ICRC and League (p. 122). Tansley does not seem to be aware of the fact that the five members elected by the Red Cross Conference represent the National Red Cross Societies and not the League.

^{page 598 note 2} The term “International Red Cross” is not very familiar to people in Switzerland, most of whom seem to think that it is synonymous with “International Committee of the Red Cross”.

^{page 598 note 3} The most recent version is that of 21 June 1973. It was published in International Review of the Red Cross, 08 1973, pp. 424–428.Google Scholar

^{page 599 note 1} See, in particular, articles 5 and 70 bis adopted by Committee I at the 2nd session (1975). Cf. International Review of the Red Cross, 07 1975, pp. 323–358.Google Scholar

^{page 600 note 1} Under the ICRC's 1973 Statutes, the supreme policy-making body of the ICRC is the Assembly, composed of all its members. Its other organs are the Executive Council, composed also of members, and the Directorate, which carries out the Executive Council's directives.

^{page 600 note 2} Freymond, Jacques in his Guerres, Révolutions, Croix-Rouge, Geneva 1976, p. 33 Google Scholar, writes: “Cette institution internationale suisse on Paccepte parce qu'elle existe et dans la mesure où elle fournit la démonstration de son utilité. Disons plutôt qu'on la tolère.”

^{page 600 note 3} At a colloquium on Red Cross questions, attended by ICRC members, representatives of the League and members of the Standing Commission (Montreux, April 1972), Mr. Max Petitpierre, a former member of the Swiss Federal Council, who was at the time a member of the International Committee, read a paper in which he said that the ICRC should “envisage… appealing more frequently and more systematically than heretofore to outside collaboration. This does not mean the founding of new bodies, but the resort to outstanding and experienced officials of the National Societies as permanent or occasional advisers.” There is a similar suggestion in Tansley, ibid., 113.

^{page 600 note 4} Jacques Freymond, ibid., p. 34.

^{page 601 note 1} Max Petitpierre stated at the Montreux colloquium: “The Red Cross bodies, the ICRC on the one hand, and the League and the National Societies on the other, each have their own scope and responsibilities. But in one field their responsibilities are shared, namely in relief work. That is a field in which the International Red Cross as a whole is concerned and must intervene as effectively as possible. If co-operation between those bodies is good, it enhances the position of the Red Cross in the world; if it has shortcomings, that position is weakened.” Jacques Freymond, ibid., writes: “II ne devrait plus y avoir de doute aujourd'hui sur l'importance que revêt un engagement global, coordonné, intégré, des moyens dont dispose l'ensemble du mouvement de la Croix-Rouge.” (p. 156)

^{page 602 note 1} Tansley, , Final report Google Scholar, ibid: “A new development process”, pp. 85–91.Google Scholar

^{page 603 note 1} Article 70 bis, para. 3, states: “The High Contracting Parties and the Parties to the conflict shall facilitate in every possible way the assistance which Red Cross (Red Crescent, Red Lion and Sun) organizations and the League of Red Cross Societies will extend to the victims of conflicts in accordance with the provisions of the Conventions and the present Protocol and with the fundamental Principles of the Red Cross as formulated by the International Red Cross Conferences.”

^{page 603 note 2} At its extraordinary session held from 1 to 6 November 1976, the League Board of Governors decided that the new Executive Council should be composed of 26 members (the Chairman, 9 Vice-Chairmen and 16 other members).

^{page 603 note 3} Donald Tansley writes in his final report, ibid.: “Reference has already been made to the jealously-guarded autonomy of National Societies. A logical consequence has been that the mandate of the League and hence of its Secretariat is weak. This is clearly revealed in the Statutes of the League, in the nature of its resolutions and in the operations of the Secretariat.” (p. 99) “… National Societies must begin to accept more fully their duties and responsibilities as members of the League.” (p. 100)Google Scholar

^{page 604 note 1} Final report, ibid., p. 64.

^{page 605 note 1} See Bargatzky, Walter, Red Cross unity in the world Google Scholar, in International Review of the Red Cross, 10 1974, p. 515–526.Google Scholar Bargatzky writes: “It is always to the credit of a Red Cross Society if it votes differently from the representatives of its government when it believes that otherwise it would be failing in its humanitarian duty.” (p. 523)

^{page 605 note 2} See also Tansley, Donald, Final report Google Scholar, ibid., pp. 92–98, and the background paper Red Cross at National Level: a Profile, p. 58.Google Scholar

^{page 606 note 1} A masterly exposition of the principles of the Red Cross, but written prior to the 1961/1965 revised version of those principles, was made by Pictet, Jean, Red Cross Principles, Geneva 1956.Google Scholar

^{page 606 note 2} Walter Bargatzky, President of the German Red Cross in the Federal Republic of Germany, said in 1968: “For us who constitute the Red Cross and, especially, for those of the younger generation who are thinking of working one day for our institution, it is not our wish to see the admirable workers of the Red Cross devote their energies to relief only on the field of battle; over and above the din of battle, we want to hear the Red Cross' insistent and, if need be, accusatory call for peace. Let us lend our support to the International Red Cross in its historic mission which, as at Solferino, can be compared only to that of a preacher calling out doggedly for peace, to that of a man who can be troublesome and is liable perhaps to expose himself to attacks but who carries on unconcernedly.” (In Humanität und Neutralität, Bonn 1968, p. 12 Google Scholar, translated from the German.)

Jacques Freymond, ibid, writes: “Une des conclusions à tirer des débats de la Conférence diplomatique c'est qu'il n'est plus possible d'humaniser la guerre et que par conséquent le CICR n'a pas d'autre choix que d'élaborer une stratégie humanitaire globale, à travers et par delà les organisations de la Croix-Rouge, en mobilisant l'opinion mondiale dans une lutte de longue durée contre le recours à la force aussi bien dans la solution de problèmes internes que dans les relations entre Etats. La base de cette stratégie est fournie par les Conventions de Genève et par la Charte internationale des droits de l'Homme.” (p. 141)

^{page 607 note 1} See, in particular, Resolution No. X, International Conference of the Red Cross, Vienna (1965), and Resolution No. XX, International Conference of the Red Cross, Istanbul (1969) (in Red Cross Handbook, p. 392 and p. 396).Google Scholar

^{page 608 note 1} Tansley, Donald, Final report Google Scholar, ibid:

“There appears to be very little support, measured in terms of numbers of Red Cross components (not to be confused with the intensity of support by some National Societies) for direct peace action that involves criticising specific groups as aggressive or responsible for the causes of war. Across the movement there is a widely held feeling that such action is inconsistent with the idea of being “non-political” and “neutral”, and being able to perform humanitarian protection and assistance on a universal basis.” (p. 38)

“… it seems unwise for Red Cross to consider “work for peace” as a separate function parallel to or of the same nature as protection and assistance, or its health and welfare activities. This is not to say that peace should not continue to be a major concern of Red Cross. Indeed, it can and should be. But the forms this concern might take require careful thought within the movement.” (p. 40)

^{page 608 note 2} Tansley, Donald, Final report Google Scholar, ibid.: “The movement is well regarded by men and women of virtually all political, ideological and religious persuasions.” (p. 44)Google Scholar

“….it seems that the glue which holds Red Cross together is the similar nature of the people it attracts across a wide range of countries and cultures.” (p. 46)