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7 Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 1996, para. 26.

8 Legal consequences of the construction of a wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, 9 July 2004, paras. 102–106. Not yet published but available at the website of the ICJ:

http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/idocket/imwp/imwpframe.htm (last visited 25 October 2004).

9 UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/55.

10 See Rossas, Allan and Meron, Theodor, “Combatting lawlessness in grey zone conflicts through minimum humanitarian standards”, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 89, No. 2, 1995, p. 215Google Scholar.

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13 UN Doc. E/CN.4/1989, p. 55, Add.1, p. 6.

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21 UNTS, Vol. 993, p. 3.

22 UNTS, Vol. 1465, p. 85. See Blatt, Deborah, “Recognizing rape as a method of torture”, New York University Review of Law and Social Change, Vol. 19, No. 4, 1994, P. 821Google Scholar.

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24 UN Doc. S/1999/957.

25 Ibid., para. 36.

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27 Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, op. cit. (note 7), p. 26.

28 According to Greenwood this viewpoint was taken by Malaysia, Salomon Islands and Egypt. See Greenwood, Christopher J., “Jus beltum and jus in bello in the Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion”, in: de Chazournes, Laurence Boisson and Sands, Philippe (eds.), International Law, the International Court of Justice and Nuclear Weapons, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999, p. 253Google Scholar.

29 Legal consequences of the construction of a wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, op. cit. (note 8), para. 101.

30 UN Doc. CCPR/C/74/CPR.4/Rev.6.

31 Laurence Boisson de Chazournes and Philippe Sands, op. cit. (note 29), p. 253.

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37 UN Doc. HRI/ICM/2003/3, para. 15.

38 UN Doc. HRI/ICM/2003/4.

39 Hampson recommended such an approach already in 1992: Hampson, Francoise J., “Using international human rights machinery to enforce the international law of armed conflict”, in: Revue de Droit Militaire et de Droit de la Guerre, Vol. 31, No. 1, 1992, p. 118Google Scholar.

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41 Manfred Nowak, CCPR-Commentary, Engel, Kehl, 1993, p. 81.

42 UN Doc. A/57/40, para. 29.

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47 See http://www.wcl.American.edu/pub/humanright/digest/lnter-American/app9213.htm. (last visited 25 October 2004).

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51 Advisory Opinion OC-1/82, 24 September 1982.

52 Inter-Am.Ct.H.R. (Ser.C), No. 67 (2000).

53 Op. cit. (note 52), para. 33.

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57 Inter-Am. Ct.H.R. (Ser.C) No. 70 (2000).

58 Op. cit. (note 57), para. 207.

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66 It is surprising that the ECtHR in llascu v. Moldova and Russia refers to occupation, Application No. 48787/99, Judgement of 8 July 2004 available at http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int (last visited 16 November 2004). The Court argues that in exceptional circumstances the State may be prevented from exercising its authority in part of its territory and goes on: “That may be as a result of military occupation by the armed forces …”. As an example the Court mentioned the Loizidou case (Op. cit. note 64), para. 312.

67 Individual dissenting opinion, Series A, No. 310, pp. 43–44.

68 Op. cit. (note 64), para. 43.

69 Case Bankovic v. Belgium, Application 52207/99, Inadmissibility Decision of 12 December 2001, available at http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int (last visited 16 November 2004).

70 For comments on the decision, see inter alia Martin, Francisco Forrest “Colloquy on the law of armed conflict: The unified use of force and exclusionary rules: The unified use of force rule - amplifications in light of the comments of Professors Green and Paust”, Saskatchewan Law Review, Vol. 65, 2002, pp. 462–467Google Scholar; Schäfer, Bernhard, “Der Fall Bankovic oder wie eine Lücke geschaffen wird”, Menschenrechtsmagazin, Vol. 3, 2002, pp. 149–163Google Scholar.

71 See also “The Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory”, op. cit. (note 8), para. 109.

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73 Op. cit. (note 66).

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76 Op. cit. (note 75), para. 79.

77 Case Gülec v. Turkey, Application No. 21593/93, Judgment, 27 July 1998, available at http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int (last visited 16 November 2004).

78 Under these circumstances it can be presumed that the hostilities reached the threshold of common Article 3, which is the lowest threshold in international humanitarian law. Therefore the norms of international humanitarian law could be applied.

79 Op. cit. (note 77), paras. 71 et seq.

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