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Bahār in the Context of Persian Constitutional Revolution

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2022

Michael B. Loraine
Michael B. Loraine*
Affiliation:
The University of Washington
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Extract

Bahār provides an unusual example of a writer belonging to different periods of Persian literature. He began writing early and lived long enough to pass through several admittedly rapid stages in modern Persian history. Thus he is known as one of the poets of the Constitutional period, whose poems were chanted and recited by the overthrowers of the old autocracy, even more by those who counteracted the Lesser Autocracy of Muḥammad ˓Alī Shāh, as well as the poet, journalist, scholar and teacher of the restored constitution, the reign of Riā Shāh and just after.

A close look at the Dīvān reveals a third period, less important from the literary point of view, but which preceded the others and gave Bahār a stamp he was never wholly to lose, even though he was acutely sensitive to the rapid changes Persian society and culture were to undergo during his life.

Type
Articles
Information
Iranian Studies , Volume 5 , Issue 2-3 , Spring Summer 1972 , pp. 79 - 87
Copyright
Copyright © Association For Iranian Studies, Inc 1972

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References

Notes

1. Dīvān-i Ash˓ār-i Shādravān Muḥammad Taqī Bahār, “Malik al-Shu˓arā.” edited by Malikzādah, Muḥammad, Vol. I (2nd ed.) (Tehran, A.H.S. 1344/A.D. 1965)Google Scholar; Vol. II (1st ed.) (Tehran, A.H.S. 1336/A.D. 1957).

2. Ṣabūrī's Dīvān has also been published by Malikzādah (Tehran, A.H.S. 1342/A.D. 1964).

3. Bahār himself claims responsibility for the term, Sabkshināsī, Vol. III, pp. 316-317 and n. (Tehran, A.H.S. 1337/A.D. 1958).

4. See the biographical note in Vol. I of Bahār's Dīvān (2nd ed.), p. x.

5. Bahār, Dīvān II, p. 498.

6. E.g., Dar Madḥ-i Amīr-i Mu'minān, Dīvān, Vol. I, p. p. 123.

7. Dīvān, I, p. 3.

8. Dīvān, I, p. 17.

9. Dīvān, I, p. 4.

10. See Bahār, Tārīkh-i Aḥzāb-i Siyāsī (Tehran, A.H.S. 1323/A.D. 1944)Google Scholar, p. v.

11. Ibid., p. ii.

12. E.g., Dīvān I, p. 45; p. 127; 146; 147.

13. Dīvān, I, p. 146.

14. Tārīkh-i Aḥzāb-i Siyāsī, p. ii.

15. Dīvān, I, p. 157.

16. Dīvān, I, p. 171.

17. Dīvān, I, p. 165.

18. Dīvān, I, p. 190.

19. Dīvān, I, p. 190.

20. Dīvān, I, p. 216.

21. Dīvān, I, p. 217. Malikzādah's note to the effect that this poem celebrates a defeat of Muḥammad ˓Alī, the ex-king, when he attempted to return with Russian help “in 1289” A.H.S. does not suit the matter well. See Browne, E. G., The Press and Poetry of Modern Persia (Cambridge, 1914), p. 279.Google Scholar

22. Dīvān, I, p. 208.

23. E. G. Browne, Press and Poetry, 194.

24. Dīvān, I, p. 796.