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Reflections on The Social and Economic Structure of Safavid Persia at Its Zenith

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2022

Amin Banani
Amin Banani*
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles
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Extract

It is generally agreed that the rise of the Safavids in the sixteenth century marks a new period in the history of Persia. Hegemony of one dynasty over nearly all the Persian-speaking world, accompanied by the swift forced conversion of the overwhelming majority of the Persians into Twelver Shi'ism, resulted in the emergence of the first Persian state in the modern era. Such a signal event could not but invest the Persian state and society with major, fundamental institutions. The same institutions have continued to characterize and to influence Persia down to the Constitutionalist Revolution of 1905-1911. It is these institutions that constitute the “traditional” features of the society against which the forces of “modernization” have been operating since the adoption of the Constitution and the Supplementary Fundamental Law of 1907.

Type
Research Article
Information
Iranian Studies , Volume 11 , Issue 1-4: State and Society in Iran , 1978 , pp. 83 - 116
Copyright
Copyright © Association For Iranian Studies, Inc 1978

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References

Selected Bibliography

Aubin, Jean Note préliminaire sur les archive due takya du Tchima-Rud, Archives Persanes commentéés 2, Tehran, 1955.Google Scholar
Chubua, M. Persidskie Firmany i ukazy Muzeja Gruzii, Tbilisi, 1949.Google Scholar
Papazyan, A. D. Persidskie documenty Matenadarana, Erevan, 1956.Google Scholar
Bidlīsī, Sharaf al-Dīn Sharaf-nameh, ed. V. Veljaminov-Zervov, 1860-62; or M. Awni, Cairo, 1930; trans. M. Brosset in Collection d'historiens arménians I 1874-76.Google Scholar
Fumanī, ˓Abd al-Fattāḥ. Tarikh Gilan, Rasht, 1314-15 s./1936.Google Scholar
Munshī, Iskandar Tārīkh-i ˓Ālam-Ārā-yi ˓Abbāsī, Tehran, 1897; ed. I. Afshār, Tehran, 1955.Google Scholar
ibn Qubād, Khurshāh Tārīkh-i Īlchī-yi Niżām Shāh, BM MS Add. 23, 513, f. 464b.Google Scholar
Rūmlū, Ḥasan Aḥsan al-Tavārīkh, Vol. XI, MS BN, Paris, 1350.Google Scholar
Qazvīnī, Muḥammad Yūsuf Khuld-i Barīn, MS Nafīsī, S. Collection at the University of Tehran Library, Tehran.Google Scholar
Taḏẖkirat al-Mulūk. trans. Minorsky, V. Gibb Memorial Series', N.S. XVI, London, 1943.Google Scholar
Tunukābunī, Muḥammad Qiṣaṣ al-˓Ulamā', Tehran, 1304/1885.Google Scholar
A True Report of Sir Anthony Sherley's Journey, London, 1600.Google Scholar
Amhassade en Perse, trans, de Vicqfort, Paris, 1667.Google Scholar
Chardin, J. The Voyages,, Paris, 1686.Google Scholar
A clironicle of the Carmelites in Persia, and the Papal Mission of the XVII and XVIII Centuries, London, 1932.Google Scholar
Delia Valle, P. Viaggi, Rome, 1650-53.Google Scholar
de Gonvea, Antonio Relation des grans guerres et victoires obtenues par le roi de Perse Chah Abbas, contre les empreurs de Turquie Mohamet et Achmet, son fils, Rouen, 1646.Google Scholar
de Mans, R. Estat de la perse en 1660, ed. Scheffer, Paris, 1890.Google Scholar
Figueroa, Garcias di Silva y. De rebus Persarum Epistola, Antwerp, 1620.Google Scholar
Perry, W. A New and Large Discourse, London, 1601.Google Scholar
Kaempfer, E. Amoenitatum exoticarum…fasciculi V, 1712; German trans. W. Hinz, 1940.Google Scholar
Sanson, A. Estat present du royaume de Perse, Paris, 1660.Google Scholar
Tavernier, J. B. Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier en Turquie en Perse et aux Indes, Paris, 1692.Google Scholar
Zakaria, Mémoires historiques sur les Sophis, trans. Brosset, M. F. St. Petersbourg, 1876.Google Scholar
Alexanderowicz-Alexander, C. H. “A Persian-Dutch Treaty in the Seventeenth Century.” Indian Yearbook of International Affairs (1958), pp. 201-206.Google Scholar
Arunova, M. R. “Finnan Nadir-Shakha.” Soviet Vost. (1958), 29, pp. 116-120.Google Scholar
Aubin, J. Deux sayyids de Bam au XVe siècle, Wiesbadan, 1956.Google Scholar
Aubin, J. “Etudes Ṣafavīdes. I, Sah Ismā˓īl et les notables de l'Irāq persan.” Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient, 2 (1959), pp. 37-81.Google Scholar
Aubin, J. “Les sunnites due Larestan et la chute des Ṣafavīdes.” Revue des Etudes Islamique, XXXIII (1965), pp. 151-171.Google Scholar
Babinger, F. “Marino Santuto's Tagebucher als Quelle zur Geschichte der Safawijja.” Browne Festschrift (1922), pp. 28-50.Google Scholar
Babinger, F. “Zur Geschichte der Sefewijje.” Islam, 12 (1922), pp. 231-233.Google Scholar
Bellan, L. L. Chah Abbas I, Paris, 1932.Google Scholar
Braun, Hellmut Ahval-e Šah Ismā˓īl. Eine unerschlossene darstellung des Lebens des erstens Sapawidenschahs, Göttingen, 1947.Google Scholar
Browne, E. G. A Literary History of Persia, Vol. 4, Cambridge, 1928.Google Scholar
Browne, E. G. “Note on an Apparently Unique Manuscript History of the Ṣafawi Dynasty of Persia.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1921), pp. 395-418.Google Scholar
Edwards, C. C. “Relations of Shah Abbas the Great, of Persia with the Mogul Emperors, Akbar and Jahangir,” Journal of the American Oriental Society, 35 (1915-1917), pp. 247-268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falsafī, N. zindigāni-yi Shāh ˓Abbās-i Avval, 4 vols., Tehran, 1334-1342 S./1953-1963.Google Scholar
Hinz, W. “Eine neuentdeckte Quelle zur Geschichte Irans in 16. jahrhundert.” ZDMG N.F. 14 (89, 1935), pp. 315-328.Google Scholar
Hinz, W. Irans Aufstieg zum Nationalstaat im funfzehnten Jahrhundert, Berlin-Leipzig, 1936.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinz, W. “Schah Esmā˓il II. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Safaviden.” MSOS, 36 (1933), pp. 19-100.Google Scholar
Hinz, W. “Zur Frage der Denkwurdigkeiten des Schah Tahmasp I. von Persien.” ZDMG N.F. 13 (88, 1934), pp. 46-54.Google Scholar
Horst, H. “Ein Immunitats-diplom Schah Muhammad Hudabandas vom Jahr 989/1581.” ZDMG 105 N.F. 30 (1955), pp. 289-297.Google Scholar
Horst, H. “Zwei Erlasse Sah Tahmasps I.” ZDMG 110 N.F. 65 (1961), pp. 301-309.Google Scholar
Khachaturian, V. A. “Naselenie armianskoi kolonii v Astrakhan vo vtoroi polovine XVIII veka.” Izvestia (Teghekagir), Erevan, 1965, No. 7, pp. 77-87.Google Scholar
Kasravī, Aḥmad. Shaykh Ṣafī va Tabārash, Tehran, 1323 s./1944.Google Scholar
Kazi, M. I. “Sam Mirza and his Tuhfa i Sami.” Indo-Iranica 13 i (1960), pp. 18-39.Google Scholar
Kukanova, N. G. “Iz istorii russko-iranskikh torgoviuikh svyazei v XVII veke” (po dannuim TsGADA i drugikh arkhivov), KSIV, 26 (1958), pp. 41-53.Google Scholar
Lambton, A. K. S. Landlord and Peasant in Persia, London, 1953.Google Scholar
Lambton, A. K. S. “Quis custodiet custodes.” Studia Islamica, IV (1956).Google Scholar
Lambton, A. K. S. “Two Ṣafavīd Soyurghāls.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (BSOAS), 14 (1952), pp. 44-54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambton, A. K. S. “The Office of Kalāntar under the Ṣafavīds and Afshārs.” Mélanges Massé, Tehran (1963), pp. 206-218.Google Scholar
Lang, D. M. “Georgia and the Fall of the Ṣafavī dynasty.” BSOAS, 14 (1952), pp. 523-539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lockhart, L. The Fall of the Safavi Dynasty and the Afghan Occupation of PersiaGoogle Scholar
Lockhart, L. “The Persian army in the Ṣafavī period.” Islam, 24 (1959), pp. 89-98.Google Scholar
Malcolm, John. History of Persia, London, 1815.Google Scholar
Mamedov, A. “Pis'mo shakha Ismaila na azerbaydzhanskom yazuike.” Dokl. AN Azerb. SSR, 16 (1960), pp. 1007-1015.Google Scholar
Miklukho-Maklai, N. D. “K voprosu o nalogovoi politike v Irane pri Shakhe Abbase I (1587-1629).” Sov. Vost., 6 (1949), pp. 348-355.Google Scholar
Minorsky, V. “Shaykh Bālī-efendi on the Ṣafavīds.” BSOAS, 20 (1957), pp. 437-450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minorsky, V. “The Poetry of shāh Ismā˓īl I.” BSOAS, 10 (1940-1942), pp. 1007-1053a.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nikitine, B. “Essai d'analyse du Ṣafvat-uṣ-Ṣafā.” JA, 245 (1957), pp. 385-394.Google Scholar
Petrov, P. I. “Ferman Shakha Sultan-Khuseina Vakhtangu VI.” Sov. Vost. (1957), 4, pp. 127-128; English summary, p. 128.Google Scholar
Petrov, P. I. “Ob odnom redkom istochnike po istorii Sefevidov.” SV (1956), 1, pp. 111-120.Google Scholar
Petrushevskii, I. P. Ocherki po istorii feodal'nyke otnoshenii v Azerbaidzhane i Armenii v XVI-nachale XIX cc, Leningrad, 1949.Google Scholar
Petrushevskii, I. P. “Narodnoc vosstanie v Gilyane v 1629 godu.” Uch. Zap. Inst. Vost., 3 (1951), pp. 225-256.Google Scholar
Roemer, H. R. “Die Safawiden. Ein orientalischer Bundesgenosse des Abendlandes im Turkenkampf.” Saeculum, 4 (1953), pp. 27-44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savory, R. M. “The Struggle for the Supremacy in Persia after the Death of Timur.” Der Islam, 40 (1964), pp. 35-65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savory, R. M. “Some Notes on the Provincial Administration of the Early Ṣafavīd Empire.” BSOAS, XXVII-1 (1964), pp. 114-128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savory, R. M. “The Principal Offices of the Ṣafavīd State during the Reign of Ismā˓īl I (907-30/1501-24).” BSOAS, 23 (1960), pp. 91-105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savory, R. M. “The Principal Offices of the Ṣafavīd State during the Reign of Ṭahmāsp I (930-84/1524-76).” BSOAS, XXIV, I (1961), pp. 65-85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Three Brothers, London, 1825.Google Scholar
Togan, Z. V. “Sur l'origine des Ṣafavīdes.” Mélange L. Massignon, III (1957), pp. 345-57.Google Scholar
Voskanian, V. “Hay Rusakan Haraberutiunner XVII Darum” (Armenian-Russian Relations in the XVII Century), Teghekagir (1948), 1, pp. 59-62.Google Scholar
Weir, T. H. “The Revolution in Persia at the Beginning of the 18th Century (from a Turkish MS in the University of Glasgow).” Browne Festschrift (1922), pp. 480-490.Google Scholar
Aubin, Jean Note préliminaire sur les archive due takya du Tchima-Rud, Archives Persanes commentéés 2, Tehran, 1955.Google Scholar
Chubua, M. Persidskie Firmany i ukazy Muzeja Gruzii, Tbilisi, 1949.Google Scholar
Papazyan, A. D. Persidskie documenty Matenadarana, Erevan, 1956.Google Scholar
Bidlīsī, Sharaf al-Dīn Sharaf-nameh, ed. V. Veljaminov-Zervov, 1860-62; or M. Awni, Cairo, 1930; trans. M. Brosset in Collection d'historiens arménians I 1874-76.Google Scholar
Fumanī, ˓Abd al-Fattāḥ. Tarikh Gilan, Rasht, 1314-15 s./1936.Google Scholar
Munshī, Iskandar Tārīkh-i ˓Ālam-Ārā-yi ˓Abbāsī, Tehran, 1897; ed. I. Afshār, Tehran, 1955.Google Scholar
ibn Qubād, Khurshāh Tārīkh-i Īlchī-yi Niżām Shāh, BM MS Add. 23, 513, f. 464b.Google Scholar
Rūmlū, Ḥasan Aḥsan al-Tavārīkh, Vol. XI, MS BN, Paris, 1350.Google Scholar
Qazvīnī, Muḥammad Yūsuf Khuld-i Barīn, MS Nafīsī, S. Collection at the University of Tehran Library, Tehran.Google Scholar
Taḏẖkirat al-Mulūk. trans. Minorsky, V. Gibb Memorial Series', N.S. XVI, London, 1943.Google Scholar
Tunukābunī, Muḥammad Qiṣaṣ al-˓Ulamā', Tehran, 1304/1885.Google Scholar
A True Report of Sir Anthony Sherley's Journey, London, 1600.Google Scholar
Amhassade en Perse, trans, de Vicqfort, Paris, 1667.Google Scholar
Chardin, J. The Voyages,, Paris, 1686.Google Scholar
A clironicle of the Carmelites in Persia, and the Papal Mission of the XVII and XVIII Centuries, London, 1932.Google Scholar
Delia Valle, P. Viaggi, Rome, 1650-53.Google Scholar
de Gonvea, Antonio Relation des grans guerres et victoires obtenues par le roi de Perse Chah Abbas, contre les empreurs de Turquie Mohamet et Achmet, son fils, Rouen, 1646.Google Scholar
de Mans, R. Estat de la perse en 1660, ed. Scheffer, Paris, 1890.Google Scholar
Figueroa, Garcias di Silva y. De rebus Persarum Epistola, Antwerp, 1620.Google Scholar
Perry, W. A New and Large Discourse, London, 1601.Google Scholar
Kaempfer, E. Amoenitatum exoticarum…fasciculi V, 1712; German trans. W. Hinz, 1940.Google Scholar
Sanson, A. Estat present du royaume de Perse, Paris, 1660.Google Scholar
Tavernier, J. B. Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier en Turquie en Perse et aux Indes, Paris, 1692.Google Scholar
Zakaria, Mémoires historiques sur les Sophis, trans. Brosset, M. F. St. Petersbourg, 1876.Google Scholar
Aubin, Jean Note préliminaire sur les archive due takya du Tchima-Rud, Archives Persanes commentéés 2, Tehran, 1955.Google Scholar
Chubua, M. Persidskie Firmany i ukazy Muzeja Gruzii, Tbilisi, 1949.Google Scholar
Papazyan, A. D. Persidskie documenty Matenadarana, Erevan, 1956.Google Scholar
Bidlīsī, Sharaf al-Dīn Sharaf-nameh, ed. V. Veljaminov-Zervov, 1860-62; or M. Awni, Cairo, 1930; trans. M. Brosset in Collection d'historiens arménians I 1874-76.Google Scholar
Fumanī, ˓Abd al-Fattāḥ. Tarikh Gilan, Rasht, 1314-15 s./1936.Google Scholar
Munshī, Iskandar Tārīkh-i ˓Ālam-Ārā-yi ˓Abbāsī, Tehran, 1897; ed. I. Afshār, Tehran, 1955.Google Scholar
ibn Qubād, Khurshāh Tārīkh-i Īlchī-yi Niżām Shāh, BM MS Add. 23, 513, f. 464b.Google Scholar
Rūmlū, Ḥasan Aḥsan al-Tavārīkh, Vol. XI, MS BN, Paris, 1350.Google Scholar
Qazvīnī, Muḥammad Yūsuf Khuld-i Barīn, MS Nafīsī, S. Collection at the University of Tehran Library, Tehran.Google Scholar
Taḏẖkirat al-Mulūk. trans. Minorsky, V. Gibb Memorial Series', N.S. XVI, London, 1943.Google Scholar
Tunukābunī, Muḥammad Qiṣaṣ al-˓Ulamā', Tehran, 1304/1885.Google Scholar
A True Report of Sir Anthony Sherley's Journey, London, 1600.Google Scholar
Amhassade en Perse, trans, de Vicqfort, Paris, 1667.Google Scholar
Chardin, J. The Voyages,, Paris, 1686.Google Scholar
A clironicle of the Carmelites in Persia, and the Papal Mission of the XVII and XVIII Centuries, London, 1932.Google Scholar
Delia Valle, P. Viaggi, Rome, 1650-53.Google Scholar
de Gonvea, Antonio Relation des grans guerres et victoires obtenues par le roi de Perse Chah Abbas, contre les empreurs de Turquie Mohamet et Achmet, son fils, Rouen, 1646.Google Scholar
de Mans, R. Estat de la perse en 1660, ed. Scheffer, Paris, 1890.Google Scholar
Figueroa, Garcias di Silva y. De rebus Persarum Epistola, Antwerp, 1620.Google Scholar
Perry, W. A New and Large Discourse, London, 1601.Google Scholar
Kaempfer, E. Amoenitatum exoticarum…fasciculi V, 1712; German trans. W. Hinz, 1940.Google Scholar
Sanson, A. Estat present du royaume de Perse, Paris, 1660.Google Scholar
Tavernier, J. B. Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier en Turquie en Perse et aux Indes, Paris, 1692.Google Scholar
Zakaria, Mémoires historiques sur les Sophis, trans. Brosset, M. F. St. Petersbourg, 1876.Google Scholar
Alexanderowicz-Alexander, C. H. “A Persian-Dutch Treaty in the Seventeenth Century.” Indian Yearbook of International Affairs (1958), pp. 201-206.Google Scholar
Arunova, M. R. “Finnan Nadir-Shakha.” Soviet Vost. (1958), 29, pp. 116-120.Google Scholar
Aubin, J. Deux sayyids de Bam au XVe siècle, Wiesbadan, 1956.Google Scholar
Aubin, J. “Etudes Ṣafavīdes. I, Sah Ismā˓īl et les notables de l'Irāq persan.” Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient, 2 (1959), pp. 37-81.Google Scholar
Aubin, J. “Les sunnites due Larestan et la chute des Ṣafavīdes.” Revue des Etudes Islamique, XXXIII (1965), pp. 151-171.Google Scholar
Babinger, F. “Marino Santuto's Tagebucher als Quelle zur Geschichte der Safawijja.” Browne Festschrift (1922), pp. 28-50.Google Scholar
Babinger, F. “Zur Geschichte der Sefewijje.” Islam, 12 (1922), pp. 231-233.Google Scholar
Bellan, L. L. Chah Abbas I, Paris, 1932.Google Scholar
Braun, Hellmut Ahval-e Šah Ismā˓īl. Eine unerschlossene darstellung des Lebens des erstens Sapawidenschahs, Göttingen, 1947.Google Scholar
Browne, E. G. A Literary History of Persia, Vol. 4, Cambridge, 1928.Google Scholar
Browne, E. G. “Note on an Apparently Unique Manuscript History of the Ṣafawi Dynasty of Persia.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1921), pp. 395-418.Google Scholar
Edwards, C. C. “Relations of Shah Abbas the Great, of Persia with the Mogul Emperors, Akbar and Jahangir,” Journal of the American Oriental Society, 35 (1915-1917), pp. 247-268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falsafī, N. zindigāni-yi Shāh ˓Abbās-i Avval, 4 vols., Tehran, 1334-1342 S./1953-1963.Google Scholar
Hinz, W. “Eine neuentdeckte Quelle zur Geschichte Irans in 16. jahrhundert.” ZDMG N.F. 14 (89, 1935), pp. 315-328.Google Scholar
Hinz, W. Irans Aufstieg zum Nationalstaat im funfzehnten Jahrhundert, Berlin-Leipzig, 1936.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinz, W. “Schah Esmā˓il II. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Safaviden.” MSOS, 36 (1933), pp. 19-100.Google Scholar
Hinz, W. “Zur Frage der Denkwurdigkeiten des Schah Tahmasp I. von Persien.” ZDMG N.F. 13 (88, 1934), pp. 46-54.Google Scholar
Horst, H. “Ein Immunitats-diplom Schah Muhammad Hudabandas vom Jahr 989/1581.” ZDMG 105 N.F. 30 (1955), pp. 289-297.Google Scholar
Horst, H. “Zwei Erlasse Sah Tahmasps I.” ZDMG 110 N.F. 65 (1961), pp. 301-309.Google Scholar
Khachaturian, V. A. “Naselenie armianskoi kolonii v Astrakhan vo vtoroi polovine XVIII veka.” Izvestia (Teghekagir), Erevan, 1965, No. 7, pp. 77-87.Google Scholar
Kasravī, Aḥmad. Shaykh Ṣafī va Tabārash, Tehran, 1323 s./1944.Google Scholar
Kazi, M. I. “Sam Mirza and his Tuhfa i Sami.” Indo-Iranica 13 i (1960), pp. 18-39.Google Scholar
Kukanova, N. G. “Iz istorii russko-iranskikh torgoviuikh svyazei v XVII veke” (po dannuim TsGADA i drugikh arkhivov), KSIV, 26 (1958), pp. 41-53.Google Scholar
Lambton, A. K. S. Landlord and Peasant in Persia, London, 1953.Google Scholar
Lambton, A. K. S. “Quis custodiet custodes.” Studia Islamica, IV (1956).Google Scholar
Lambton, A. K. S. “Two Ṣafavīd Soyurghāls.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (BSOAS), 14 (1952), pp. 44-54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambton, A. K. S. “The Office of Kalāntar under the Ṣafavīds and Afshārs.” Mélanges Massé, Tehran (1963), pp. 206-218.Google Scholar
Lang, D. M. “Georgia and the Fall of the Ṣafavī dynasty.” BSOAS, 14 (1952), pp. 523-539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lockhart, L. The Fall of the Safavi Dynasty and the Afghan Occupation of PersiaGoogle Scholar
Lockhart, L. “The Persian army in the Ṣafavī period.” Islam, 24 (1959), pp. 89-98.Google Scholar
Malcolm, John. History of Persia, London, 1815.Google Scholar
Mamedov, A. “Pis'mo shakha Ismaila na azerbaydzhanskom yazuike.” Dokl. AN Azerb. SSR, 16 (1960), pp. 1007-1015.Google Scholar
Miklukho-Maklai, N. D. “K voprosu o nalogovoi politike v Irane pri Shakhe Abbase I (1587-1629).” Sov. Vost., 6 (1949), pp. 348-355.Google Scholar
Minorsky, V. “Shaykh Bālī-efendi on the Ṣafavīds.” BSOAS, 20 (1957), pp. 437-450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minorsky, V. “The Poetry of shāh Ismā˓īl I.” BSOAS, 10 (1940-1942), pp. 1007-1053a.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nikitine, B. “Essai d'analyse du Ṣafvat-uṣ-Ṣafā.” JA, 245 (1957), pp. 385-394.Google Scholar
Petrov, P. I. “Ferman Shakha Sultan-Khuseina Vakhtangu VI.” Sov. Vost. (1957), 4, pp. 127-128; English summary, p. 128.Google Scholar
Petrov, P. I. “Ob odnom redkom istochnike po istorii Sefevidov.” SV (1956), 1, pp. 111-120.Google Scholar
Petrushevskii, I. P. Ocherki po istorii feodal'nyke otnoshenii v Azerbaidzhane i Armenii v XVI-nachale XIX cc, Leningrad, 1949.Google Scholar
Petrushevskii, I. P. “Narodnoc vosstanie v Gilyane v 1629 godu.” Uch. Zap. Inst. Vost., 3 (1951), pp. 225-256.Google Scholar
Roemer, H. R. “Die Safawiden. Ein orientalischer Bundesgenosse des Abendlandes im Turkenkampf.” Saeculum, 4 (1953), pp. 27-44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savory, R. M. “The Struggle for the Supremacy in Persia after the Death of Timur.” Der Islam, 40 (1964), pp. 35-65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savory, R. M. “Some Notes on the Provincial Administration of the Early Ṣafavīd Empire.” BSOAS, XXVII-1 (1964), pp. 114-128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savory, R. M. “The Principal Offices of the Ṣafavīd State during the Reign of Ismā˓īl I (907-30/1501-24).” BSOAS, 23 (1960), pp. 91-105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savory, R. M. “The Principal Offices of the Ṣafavīd State during the Reign of Ṭahmāsp I (930-84/1524-76).” BSOAS, XXIV, I (1961), pp. 65-85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Three Brothers, London, 1825.Google Scholar
Togan, Z. V. “Sur l'origine des Ṣafavīdes.” Mélange L. Massignon, III (1957), pp. 345-57.Google Scholar
Voskanian, V. “Hay Rusakan Haraberutiunner XVII Darum” (Armenian-Russian Relations in the XVII Century), Teghekagir (1948), 1, pp. 59-62.Google Scholar
Weir, T. H. “The Revolution in Persia at the Beginning of the 18th Century (from a Turkish MS in the University of Glasgow).” Browne Festschrift (1922), pp. 480-490.Google Scholar