^{page 40 note 1} The chief general sources for the writing of this article are Geldern, R. Heine, Archaeological Traces of the Vedic Aryans, Journal of the Indian Society of Oriental Art, IV, No. 2Google Scholar, and C. F. A. Schaeifer, Stratigraphie Comparée et Chronologe de l'Asie Occidentale, I am particularly indebted to Dr. Schaeifer for his well-reasoned clarification of the chronology of the Caucasus and of Luristan, which assisted me very greatly by providing the material essential to a fully co-ordinated picture. In addition to the sources acknowledged in the footnotes the following works were consulted: Albright, W. F., A Third Revision of the Early Chronology of Western Asia, B.A.S.O.R. 88Google Scholar; Childe, V. G., Eurasian Shaft-hole Axes, Eurasia Sept. Antiqua IXGoogle Scholar; The Orient and Europe, A.J.A. XLIII; Mallowan, M. E. L., The Excavations at T. Chagar Razar, Iraq, III and IVGoogle Scholar; de Morgan, J., Recherches an Talyche Persan, D.P.M., VIIIGoogle Scholar; S. Piggott, Dating the Ilissar Sequence—the Indian evidence, Antiquity, No. 68; S. Smith, Alalakh and Chronology; Tallgren, A. M., Pontide préscythique, Eurasia Sept. Antiqua, IIGoogle Scholar.

^{page 40 note 2} Gordon, D. H., Sialk Giyan, Hissar and the Indu-Iranian Connection, Man in India, XXVII, No. 3Google Scholar. In the section on The position of Hissar III in the Iranian sequence the evidence is reviewed less fully. The chronology now put forward is somewhat modirtod as the result of further study.

^{page 40 note 3} As all the dates are prior to the Christian Era, the letters B.C. arc omitted throughout.

^{page 40 note 4} Iraq, IX, Pl. XXXIX: 4Google Scholar.

^{page 41 note 1} Iraq, IX 105–6, Pl. XIX.Google Scholar

^{page 41 note 2} von der Osten, H. H., The Alishar Hüyük, 1, Figs. 62, 75Google Scholar.

^{page 41 note 3} Schaeffer, , Stratigraphie, 315, Table VGoogle Scholar.

^{page 41 note 4} Schaeffer, , Stratigraphie, 241–2, Fig. 160Google Scholar.

^{page 41 note 5} E. F. Schmidt, Excavations at Tepe Hissar, Damghan, Pl. XXXVI, H2164.

^{page 41 note 6} Schaeffer, op. cit., Fig. 182: 1, after Kurt Bittel.

^{page 41 note 7} Ghirshman, R., Fouilles de Sialk, II, Pl. XVIII: 1, 3; Pl. s. 808Google Scholar.

^{page 41 note 8} Ghirshman, R., Fouilles de Sialk, II, Pl. II: 4, 6.Google Scholar

^{page 41 note 9} Ghirshman, R., Nad-i-Ali, Revue des Arts Asiatiques, XIII, 10, Pl. IV, NA 75Google Scholar.

^{page 42 note 1} Ghirshman, R., Fouilles de Sial, II, Pl. II: 1Google Scholar.

^{page 42 note 2} Reference must however be made to a grey pot with what is termed by G. M. Fitzgerald lattice burnishing, found in the Early Bronze Age I levels of Jericho, and to the fact that small shoulder loops on bottle-necked jars are also common at this level. See Garstang, J. and Fitzgerald, G. M., Jericho: City and Necropolis, A.A.A. XXIII, 99 and Pl. XXXVI: 1Google Scholar.

^{page 42 note 3} O. D. S. Pendlebury, Tht Archaeology of Crete, Pl. XIII: 4b.

^{page 42 note 4} Shear, T. L., The 1937 Campaign in the Athenian Agora, A.J.A. XLII, Fig. 5Google Scholar.

^{page 42 note 6} Op. cit., 121, n. 3.

^{page 42 note 7} H. Frankfort, Archaeology and the Summon Problem, Fig. 5.

^{page 42 note 7} Op. cit., Pl. XXXIX, after Hamit Zübcyr Kosay.

^{page 42 note 8} F. Thureau-Dangin and M. Dunand, Til Barsib, Pl. XXVI: 10.

^{page 42 note 9} M. E. L. Mallowan, The Syrian City of Til Barsib, Antiquity, No. 43.

^{page 44 note 1} Schaeffer, op. cit., Fig. 182: 7 and 30, after Kurt Bittel.

^{page 44 note 2} Hrozný, F., Rapport prelim, sur les fouiles Tchecoslovaques du Kul Tepe, Syria, VIII, Pl. IV: 5Google Scholar.

^{page 44 note 3} Tarehim and Nimet Özgüc in I.L.N. Dec. 18th, 1948.

^{page 44 note 4} Schaeffer, op. cit., Fig. 64A, after P. Montct, Byblos et l'Egypte, and Fig. 124A, after F. Petrie, Ancient Gaza.

^{page 44 note 5} Arne, T. J., Excavations at Shah Tepe, Iran, Sino-Swedish Exp. publ. 27, VII, Archaeology 5, Fig. 386, cII–64, No. 377Google Scholar.

^{page 44 note 6} I am indebted to Mr. E. A. Lane of the Dept. of Ceramics of the Victoria and Albert Museum for the information relating to this spouted jug.

^{page 44 note 7} Op. cit., Pl. XXXVIII, H5089,

^{page 44 note 8} G. Contencau and K. Ghirshman, Fouilles de Tepe Giyan, Pl. XXI.

^{page 44 note 9} Fouilies de Sialk, II, Pl. III: 7, Pl. XL, 8.478, Pl. XLV, s.660a.

^{page 45 note 1} Op. cit., Giyan I, Tombe 52, 2.

^{page 45 note 2} Fouilles de Sialk, Pl. XII: 3.

^{page 45 note 3} Schmidt, E. F., Tepe Hissar Excavations, 1931, Mus. Jour. Pennsylvania University Museum, XXIII, Pl. CXVl, H.502Google Scholar.

^{page 45 note 4} SirStein, A., Old Routes in Western Ira, Pl. XVII: 10Google Scholar.

^{page 45 note 5} Godard, A., Les bronzes du Luristan, Ars Asiatica, XVII, Pl. XVII, 241Google Scholar.

^{page 45 note 6} R. Pumpelly, Explorations in Turkistan (Anau), Pl. 12: 1.

^{page 45 note 7} Fouilles de Sialk, II, Pl. c.5.

^{page 45 note 8} Girshman, R., Nad-i-Ali, Revue des Arts Asiatiques, XIII, 10, Pl. IV, NA35Google Scholar.

^{page 45 note 9} Ghirshman, R., Fouilles de Sialk, II, Pl. XII: 5Google Scholar.

^{page 45 note 10} Starr, R. F. S., Nuzi I and II, Pl. 92: W, XGoogle Scholar.

^{page 45 note 11} Starr, R. F. S., Nuzi I and II, Pl. 98Google Scholar: Stein, D, Nuzi I and II, Pl. XXIGoogle Scholar.

^{page 47 note 1} Wulsin, F. R., Excavations at Turang Tepe, Bulletin of the American Inst. for Persian Art and Archaeology, 1932, pl. XXGoogle Scholar.

^{page 47 note 2} A more detailed typological classification has been made by R. Heine Geldern, op, cit., 88–93. These lugged or trunnion tools or weapons are somewhat difficult to place as regards their function. They have from time to time been variously described as axes and as adzes. Such an implement would fasten more readily to a shaft with a specially prepared head, which would take it bound laterally to a comparatively large fiat surface inclined at an angle. Against this, an adze to be effective should have some weight, but most of these blades are small and light; further, it should have an adze edge with the lower side flat and unbeveUed, these are upeted off from both surfaces like an axe. The examples also from Georgia and Solduz have wide splayed out blades of a type quite unsuitable for an adze. Could not these objects have been hafted transversely like an ad2e but used as a battle axe?

^{page 47 note 3} Buisson, Du Mesnil du, L'aancienne Qatna Syria, VIII, Pl. LXIX: 6Google Scholar.

^{page 47 note 4} Goldman, H., Excavations at Gövzlü Kule, Tarsus, A.J.A. XLI, Fig, 19Google Scholar.

^{page 47 note 5} Garstang, J., A.A.A. XXVI, Nos. 3–4, Fig. 4Google Scholar.

^{page 47 note 6} Osten, op. cit., Pt. II, Fig. 286, c.1093.

^{page 47 note 7} Schaeffer, op. cit., Fig. 183: 37 after K. Bittel.

^{page 47 note 8} Dörpfeld, W., Troja und Ilion I, Fig. 406Google Scholar.

^{page 47 note 9} Osten, op. cit., Pt. II, Fig. 497, d2135.

^{page 47 note 10} Nioradze, G., Der Verwahrfund von Kuemo-Sasirethi, Georgien, Eurasia Sept, Antiqua VII, 1931, Abb. 7, aGoogle Scholar.

^{page 50 note 1} Schaeffer, C. F.A., Mission en Chypre, 1932–1935, Fig. 16: 3Google Scholar.

^{page 50 note 2} Woolley, C. L., Hittite Burial Custom, A.A.A. VI, Pl. XIX, c, 2, 4Google Scholar.

^{page 50 note 3} Stratigraphie, Fig. 184: 3, after K. Bittel.

^{page 50 note 4} Ibid., 38.

^{page 50 note 5} Ibid., Fig. 293, after Kuftin.

^{page 50 note 6} A. Zakharov, Études sur 1'archéologie eh l'Asie Mineure et du Caucase, Revue Ilittite et Asianique, Pl. 7: 1a. There is a slight discrepancy in the spearhead from Tiflis as illustrated by Zakharov and as shown by Schaeffer in his Fig. 293, Georgia 2 after Kuftin, the former having a rounded midrib, a prolongation of the round-sectioned tang, and the latter a narrow lozenge-sectioned midrib.

^{page 51 note 1} Tepe Hissar Excavations, Mus. Jour. Pennsylvania Univ. Mus. XXIII, Pl. CI, H1040.

^{page 51 note 2} Stratigraphie, Fig. 174:7 after F. von Luscha u and K. Bittel.

^{page 51 note 3} Pope, A. Upham and Ackerman, P., A Survey of Persian Art, IV, Pl. 54, FGoogle Scholar.

^{page 51 note 4} Hawkes, C. F. C., The Prehistoric Foundations of Europe, 225–42Google Scholar.

^{page 52 note 1} These axes are illustrated as follows on Fig. III: 1, 2, after Schmidt, Excavations at Tepe Hissar, Damghan, Pl. LII, H2710, H3247; 3 after Geldern, op. cit., Pl. XVII: 9;4 after Childe, V. G., The Axes from Mai Kop and Caucasian Metallurgy, A.A.A. XXIII, Pl. LI, cGoogle Scholar; 5 after Hawkes, op. cit., Fig. 21: 1; 6 after Dörpfeld, op. cit., Fig. 401; 7 after Ghirshman, Fouilles de Sialk, Pl. 93, S. 1467; 8 after Annual Rep. Arch. Survey of India, 1927–8, Pl. XXV.

^{page 52 note 2} Schaeffer, Stratigraphie, 448.

^{page 54 note 1} This point was originally made by E. F. Schmidt in his preliminary report on the excavations at Hissar, Tepe, Tepe Hissar Excavations 1931, Mus. Jour. Penn. Univ. Mus. XXIIIGoogle Scholar.

^{page 54 note 2} Excavations at Tepe Hissart Damghan, Pl. XLVIII, H4279.

^{page 54 note 3} Ouvarov, P. S., Materialy po Archeologie Kavkasa, VIII, 1900, T.XXXIX: 7Google Scholar.

^{page 54 note 4} Stratigraphie, Fig. 295: 3, after Kuftin.

^{page 54 note 5} Ibid., 517–8.

^{page 54 note 6} Ouvarov, op. cit., T.XXII: 2; T.XXXIV: 6.

^{page 54 note 7} E. Herzfeld, Iran in the Ancient East, Pl. 30.

^{page 54 note 8} Conteneau and Ghirshman, op. cit., Pl. 9, T.8, 4.

^{page 54 note 9} D. E. McCown, Comparative Stratigraphy of Early Iran, Table I: 11.

^{page 54 note 10} Excavations at Tepe Hissar, Damghan, Pl. XLVI, H3210.

^{page 55 note 1} Ibid., Pl. LI.

^{page 56 note 1} Hawkes, op. cit., 225–242.

^{page 56 note 2} I follow Schaeffer, , Stratigraphie, 518Google Scholar. Other names for this site are Tsarevskaya, Novosvbodnays and Proletarskaya.

^{page 56 note 3} Eurasia Sept. Antiqua, 1929.

^{page 56 note 4} Ibid., 1934.

^{page 56 note 5} Childe, V. G., The Axes from Maikop and Caucasien Metallurgy, A.A.A. XXIII, 114Google Scholar.

^{page 56 note 6} Childe, V. G., The Dawn of European Civilization, 3rd Ed. 1939. Fig. 75Google Scholar.

^{page 57 note 1} Stratigraphie, 519.

^{page 57 note 2} Schliemann, H., Ilios, 506Google Scholar.

^{page 57 note 3} W. Dörpfeld, op. cit., Fig. 401.

^{page 58 note 1} Stratigraphie, 245–4.

^{page 58 note 2} Osten, op. cit., Pt. I, Fig. 271, e.1369.

^{page 58 note 3} op. cit., Pl. XXVI.

^{page 58 note 4} Excavations at Tepe Hissari Pl. LXVI, H2360.

^{page 58 note 5} Stratigraphie, Fig. 58, H, after Montet.

^{page 58 note 6} Excavations ai Tepe Hissary Damghan, Pl. LXVI, H5113.

^{page 58 note 7} Ghirshman, R., Fouilles de Sialk II, Pl. XCIV, S.1384, Pl. XCIII, S.1653Google Scholar.

^{page 58 note 8} Osten, op. cit., II, Fig. 510, c.405, c.2329.

^{page 58 note 9} Ouvarov, op. cit., T.XC.

^{page 59 note 1} Tepe Hissar Excavaiions 1931, Mus. Jour. Penn. Univ. Mus. XXIII, Pl. CXVIGoogle Scholar.

^{page 59 note 2} Hancar, F., Die Nadelformen des praehistorischen Kaukasusgebietes, Eurasia Sept. Antiqua VII, 1932, Abb. 25Google Scholar.

^{page 59 note 3} A. Godard, op. cit., Pl. XXXIII: 141.

^{page 59 note 4} R. H. Geldern, op. cit., 107.