Hostname: page-component-5c6d5d7d68-txr5j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-08-09T19:50:42.318Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

THE GREAT ADVENTURES OF A SMALL GOD: NEW EVIDENCE FOR THE DIVINE MESSENGER STAFF HUṬĀRU

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 September 2018

Abstract

The messenger staff Huṭāru was a non-anthropomorphic deity in the Neo-Babylonian Eanna temple of Uruk that also had a practical function: it served as a symbol of authority of the goddess Ištar during the collection of taxes and dues. In this article I edit and discuss two hitherto unpublished texts that shed new light on this little known divine object. Furthermore, I suggest its identification with the “Doppellöwenkeule”, a ceremonial mace with animal protomes that is represented alone or carried by Ištar on seals and terracotta plaques from the Old and Neo-Babylonian periods.

Type
Research Article
Information
IRAQ , Volume 80 , December 2018 , pp. 139 - 150
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute for the Study of Iraq 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Beaulieu, P.-A. 1993. “An Episode in the Fall of Babylon to the Persians”. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 52: 241–61.Google Scholar
Beaulieu, P.-A. 2002. “Eanna = Ayakkum in the Basetki Inscription of Narām-Sîn”. NABU 2002: no. 36.Google Scholar
Beaulieu, P.-A. 2003. The Pantheon of Uruk during the Neo-Babylonian Period. Cuneiform Monographs, 23. Leiden, Boston: Brill, Styx.Google Scholar
Van Buren, E.D. 1935–36. “Entwined Serpents”. Archiv für Orientforschung 10: 5365.Google Scholar
Durand, J.-M. 1982. Documents cunéiformes de la IVe Section de l’École pratique des Hautes Études I. Catalogue et copies cunéiformes. Genève, Paris: Librairie Droz.Google Scholar
Ehrenberg, E. 1999. Uruk. Late Babylonian Seal Impressions on Eanna-Tablets. Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka Endberichte 18. Mainz: Verlag Phillip von Zabern.Google Scholar
Ellis, M. de Jong 1989. “An Old Babylonian kusarikku” in Behrens, H., Loding, D., Roth, M.T., eds., Dumu-e2-dub-ba-a. Studies in Honor of Åke W. Sjöberg. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum, pp. 121–35.Google Scholar
Frame, G. 1986. “Some Neo-Babylonian and Persian Documents Involving Boats”. Oriens Antiquus 25: 2950.Google Scholar
Frothingham, A.L. 1916. “Babylonian Origin of Hermes the Snake-God, and of the Caduceus”. American Journal of Archaeology 20: 175211.Google Scholar
Grayson, A.K. 2000 [reprint of 1975 edition]. Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Hackl, J. 2007. Der subordinierte Satz in den spätbabylonischen Briefen. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 341. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.Google Scholar
Halm-Tisserant, M. and Siebert, G. 1997. “Kerykeion”. Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologicae Classicae 8: 728–30.Google Scholar
Harris, R. 1965. “The Journey of the Divine Weapon” in Güterbock, H. and Jacobsen, T., eds., Studies in Honor of Benno Landsberger on his Seventy-Fifth Birthday, April 21, 1965. Assyriological Studies 16. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 217–24.Google Scholar
Holtz, S. 2009. Neo-Babylonian Court Procedure. Cuneiform Monographs 38. Leiden, Boston: Brill.Google Scholar
Jursa, M. and Wagensonner, K. 2014. “The Estates of Šamaš on the Ḫābūr” in Kozuh, M., Henkelman, W.F.M., Jones, C.E. and Woods, C., eds., Extraction and Control. Studies in Honor of Matthew W. Stolper. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 68. Chicago: The University of Chicago, pp. 109–30.Google Scholar
Joannès, F. 2002. “Les droits sur l'eau en Babylonie récente”. Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 57 (3): 577609.Google Scholar
Kleber, K. 2005. “Von Bierlieferanten und Gefängnisaufsehern: dezentrale Güterverteilung und Buchhaltung in Eanna” in Baker, H.D. and Jursa, M., eds., Approaching the Babylonian Economy: Proceedings of the START-Project Symposium Held in Vienna, 1–3 July 2004. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 330. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, pp. 289321.Google Scholar
Kleber, K. 2007. “Zum Meineid und zu seiner Bestrafung in Babylonien”. Zeitschrift für Altorientalische und Biblische Rechtsgeschichte 13: 2338.Google Scholar
Kleber, K. in press. “Zur Logistik eines Heiligtums. Lagerhaltung und Kultbetrieb in Eanna” in: van Ess, M. (ed.), Uruk – Altorientalische Metropole und Kulturzentrum. 8. Internationales Kolloquium der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft, 25–26 April 2013 in Berlin.Google Scholar
Marzahn, J. and Schauerte, G. 2008. Babylon. Wahrheit. Ausstellungskatalog Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz. München: Hirmer.Google Scholar
Sandowicz, M. 2012. Oaths and Curses. A Study in Neo- and Late Babylonian Legal Formulary. Alter Orient und Altes Testament 398. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.Google Scholar
Stol, M. 2012. “Renting the Divine Weapon as a Prebend” in Boiy, T. et al. , eds., The Ancient Near East, a Life! Festschrift Karel van Lerberghe. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 220. Leuven, Paris, Walpole, MA: Peeters, pp. 561–83.Google Scholar
Streck, M. 1995. Zahl und Zeit. Grammatik der Numeralia und des Verbalsystems im Spätbabylonischen. Cuneiform Monographs 5. Groningen: Styx.Google Scholar
Weszeli, M. 2005. “Zur Buchführung in Babylonien oder erneut zu ušazzaz(ma) … inamdin.” Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 95: 347–85.Google Scholar
Wiggermann, F. 1985–86. “The Staff of Ninšubura. Studies in Babylonian Demonology, II.” Jaarbericht van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux 29: 334.Google Scholar