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New Developments in Early Anatolian Archaeology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 April 2016

Winifred Lamb
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Extract

Anatolian prehistory has had great pioneers: Myres, Ormerod, Frankfort, Götze and others. Yet, in its present form, it is one of the youngest branches of archaeology. We might say that it was born when the Alişar excavations were in progress, round about 1930, on which reckoning it is less than twenty years old. Unfortunately for us in England, it grew with the rapidity of adolescence between 1939 and 1945 when our attention was otherwise engaged.

During the war Turkish scholars were extremely active, and made some very important discoveries. German scholars were active too, at first in the field, later in research. The fresh material, like the comments thereon, has been published mainly in Turkish or in German works, the former being accessible but not always translated, the latter for the most part not available in England. Therefore a person whose opportunities and obligations have led to the study of both Turkish and German periodicals should try to make the results available: hence this paper. It is not, of course, confined strictly to the chronological and linguistic limits just mentioned, nor is it purely objective. For not only is a summary of facts needed, but also indications of the manner in which they might modify preconceived notions. Those indications may prove to be wrong. And whether much modification is needed depends on the notions. On almost every question one should keep an open mind, since excavation and exploration are still being carried on intensively, and new factors are continually introduced.

Type
Research Article
Information
IRAQ , Volume 11 , Issue 2 , Autumn 1949 , pp. 188 - 203
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute for the Study of Iraq 1949

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References

page 188 note 1 A.f.O., XIV, pp. 378–9; Arch. Anz., LVII, pp. 87–92Google Scholar; D.T.C.F.D., IV, No. 3, p. 272.

page 189 note 1 Belleten, III, No. 9, pp. 45, 59Google Scholar.

page 189 note 2 Belleten, VII, No. 27, pp. 608–613.

page 190 note 1 Pazarli, , La Turquie Kémaliste, XXI-XXII, (Dec. 1937)Google Scholar; Belleten, III, No. 9, pp. 16–7Google Scholar; A.f.O., XIV p. 98.

page 190 note 2 Belleten, X, No. 40, pp. 601–2Google Scholar, Fig. 14 on Pl. LXXVII.

page 190 note 3 Kleinasiatische Studien, p. 152; Belleten, loc. cit.

page 191 note 1 A.H., II, pp. 89, 164.

page 191 note 2 O.I.P., XXVIII, pp. 28–30, Fig. 32 and p. 110; XXX, p. 408, note 18; P.F.K., pp. 12–3, 59–83.

page 191 note 3 Belleten, IX, No. 35, pp. 361–400Google Scholar.

page 191 note 4 Op. cit., pp. 365–381.

page 191 note 5 Op. cit., pp. 367–9.

page 191 note 6 Op. cit., pp. 367, 369–78, 397–8.

page 192 note 1 Op. cit., pp. 369–375, 397–8. The following come from the summit, in addition to those in our own plates and figures: op. cit., Pl. LXV, 1–5; LXVI, 1–6; LXIX, 4. From the slopes, Pl. LXV, 6 & 7; LXVII, 1, 5; LXVIII, 4; LXIX, 5.

page 192 note 2 Cf. op. cit., p. 371.

page 192 note 3 Op. cit., Pls. LXVI, 5, LXV, 6.

page 193 note 1 Op. cit., p. 372–4; A.A.A., VI, Pl. XIX, c., 2, 5; Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, XLVI, p. 190–1Google Scholar.

page 193 note 2 Belleten, loc. cit., p. 375.

page 193 note 3 Op. cit., pp. 389–394, 398–400; B.V.A., pp. 18–9. Further references to Kaledorugu (Kavak) will be found throughout that useful book, which reached me shortly before this article went to press.

page 193 note 4 In an unusual technique, according to information kindly supplied by Professor Garstang.

page 193 note 5 Belleten, loc. cit., pp. 582–8, 398–400.

page 193 note 6 Op. cit., pp. 386–7, Pl. LXVIII, 5.

page 193 note 7 For full descriptions and discussions, sec B.V.A. especially pp. 17–8, 68–72, 85–8, 126–130.

page 193 note 8 Belleten, loc. cit., pp. 386–7, Pl. LXVI, 7, 8.

page 193 note 9 See above, note 7; see also Bittel, , A.f.O. XIII, pp. 22–8Google Scholar.

page 195 note 1 For these burials and their implications, see especially Dr. Özgüç observations, B.V.A., pp. 85–6, 128–30.

page 195 note 2 Belleten, XII, No. 46, pp. 471–85Google Scholar. Turkish & English.

page 195 note 3 Op. cit., Figs. 32–4.

page 195 note 4 Op. cit., Fig. 35.

page 195 note 5 Op. cit., Fig. 36.

page 195 note 6 Op. cit., Figs. 16–18, 24–7, 45–6, 48.

page 195 note 7 Op. cit., Fig. 26.

page 197 note 1 Op. cit., Figs. 24, 25, 45, 48.

page 197 note 2 Op. cit. p. 483, Figs. 21–3, 47.

page 197 note 3 E.g. Vasitć, , Vinča, II, p. 117, Pl. LXVIII, 235Google Scholar; sherd No. 9931 in the University Museum, Szeged (see Párducs, and Bálint, , Ujabb öskori telep Oszentiván hatârában, in Dolgazatok IX–X, 1933–1934, pp. 44–53Google Scholar, Pl. X); also Banner, J., Das Tisza, -Maros, -Körös-Gebiet, Pl. LXXI, No. 21, and Pl. CVIII.

page 197 note 4 Weinberg, , A.J.A., LI, pp. 178–9Google Scholar.

page 197 note 5 Belleten, loc. cit., Fig. 18, No. 8; Lamb, Thermi, Fig. 45.

page 197 note 6 O.I.P., XXVIII, Fig. 66, No. 30.

page 197 note 7 Compare Belleten, loc. cit., Fig. 37, No. 286 with S S 3268; see also S S 3251–7.

page 198 note 1 Arch. Anz., LIV (1939), pp. 291–222Google Scholar.

page 198 note 2 Kansu, S. A., Etiyokusu Hafriyati Raporu, pp. 30, 31, Figs. 39, 41Google Scholar.

page 198 note 3 A.f.O., XIV, p. 378.

page 198 note 4 Belleten, VIII, No. 30, p. 345, Pl. XLIX.

page 198 note 5 A.J.A., XXXVIII, p. 231Google Scholar; XXXIX, pp. 557, 561–2; XLI, p. 21. See, however, end of note 7 below.

page 198 note 6 To the list in P.F.K., p. 68, add; A.f.O., XIII, p. 305, note 30 (site near Gaziantep); A.J.A., XLIV, pp. 65–6, Figs. 9–10 (Tarsus)Google Scholar; Arch. Anz., XLIX, p. 185 (Poliochni, Lemnos)Google Scholar; Archaeologia, LXXXVII, pp. 237, 250 (Kusura)Google Scholar; Belleten, IX, No. 35, p. 351Google Scholar (Mustafapaşa and Karaagaçtepe); A.A.A., XXV, Pl. 22, No. 12 (Mersin). Bulgaria and Greece; Arch. Anz., LVIII, pp. 13–16Google Scholar; Kunze, E., Orchomenos, III, p. 57Google Scholar; Fimmen, D., die Kretisch-Mykenische Kultur, p. 137Google Scholar.

page 198 note 7 Recently Bittel, K., K.S., pp. 132–5; A.f.O., XIII, p. 305; Özgüç, T., Belleten, IX, No. 35, pp. 351–2Google Scholar; Schaeffer, C., op. cit., pp. 219, 228, 230, 232–3, 241–2, 247, 270, 275, 286, 316–7, 579. His statement that the goblets were found in all levels of Alişar I B cannot be accepted; Bittel, , in A.f.O., XIII, p. 305Google Scholar, confirms, from personal observation, the assertion in O.I.P., XXVIII, p. 164, that they belonged to the latest building layer. Schaeffer's attribution of Troy II C goblets and the strata where found to Troy III must await Professor Blege's verdict.

page 198 note 8 A.J.A., XXXVIII, p. 233; XXXIX, p. 562; XLI, p. 29 (Troy); LI, pp. 179-180 (Troy and Greek counterparts); Archaeologia, LXXXVI, p. 11Google Scholar; LXXXVII, p. 237 (Kusura); A.A.A., XXVI, p. 132 (Mersin); A.J.A., XLIV, p. 65 (Tarsus); Belleten, III, No. 9, p. 57Google Scholar (Karaoglan); VIII, No. 30, p. 354 (Bitik).

page 199 note 1 Iraq, VIII, pp. 4, 9, 16Google Scholar.

page 199 note 2 Belleten, IX, No. 35, pp. 372–4Google Scholar; T T., II, pp. 3–100; A.f.O., XI, pp. 38–47.

page 199 note 3 Belleten, I, p. 225Google Scholar; A.H., II, p. 70; Archaeologia, LXXXVII, pp. 228–230Google Scholar; A.J.A., XLIV, p. 61. The problems connected with the burnt strata at Troy have recently been discussed by Schaeffer, C., op. cit., pp. 220 ff., which see for references; it must be borne in mind that many of his conclusions are highly controversial.

page 199 note 4 Arch. Anz., LIV, p. 221Google Scholar; Belleten, VIII, No. 30, p. 353Google Scholar; IX, No. 35, pp. 369–370, 376; XI: No. 44, p. 660.

page 200 note 1 O.I.P., XXIX, pp. 1–4.

page 200 note 2 Belleten, IX, No. 35, pp. 378–81Google Scholar. Many of the parallels here cited are quoted there, and others as well.

page 200 note 3 E.g., B.K.N.U., I, Pl. X, Nos. 11–12; O.I.P. XXIX, Fig. 291, e 2323; Fig. 292, c 2070; e 2136.

page 200 note 4 B.K.N.U., I, Pl. X, No. 3.

page 200 note 5 O.I.P., XXIX, Figs. 268, 283.

page 200 note 6 A.H. I, Pl. CCXXIII, Al. 551. The seal is no longer believed to belong to Grave B.M.

page 200 note 7 E.g., O.I.P., XXIX, Fig. 251, d 1906. The design on the Dündartepe seal is described as being like op.cit., Fig. 251, b 2439.

page 200 note 8 Woolley, L., Royal Cemetery, p. 306Google Scholar, Pl. 224, type A12, U. 10435.

page 200 note 9 Belleten, loc, cit., p. 380.

page 200 note 10 Belleten, IX, No. 35, pp. 383–4Google Scholar.

page 200 note 11 Op. cit., p. 390. For other sites in the Samsun area where “Hittite” sherds have been found, see Belleten, VIII, No. 29, p. 45 (a short notice)Google Scholar.

page 201 note 1 Belleten, XII, No. 46, pp. 480–2Google Scholar.

page 201 note 2 Belleten, III, No. 9, pp. 45, 54–9Google Scholar; VIII, No. 30, p. 352–3.

page 201 note 3 See especially Belleten, V, No. 17, pp. 1–16 (Turkish & French), Pls. I–XI; VIII, No. 29, pp. 156–7 (Turkish only); A.f.O., XIV, pp. 96–8, 376–7; Arch. Anz., LVI, pp. 256–268Google Scholar; LVII, pp. 92–6.

page 201 note 4 Belleten, V, No. 17, p. 13Google Scholar.

page 201 note 5 The excavators assign to stratum 3 the immense water conduit measuring 1 by 1.2 m. Professor Schaeffer believes—if I have interpreted him correctly—that it belonged to the later temple of stratum 2, and he may be right: but the excavators claim that the later temple had a conduit of its own which was connected with the large earlier one: Schaeffer, C., Stratigraphie Comparitive, p. 282Google Scholar; Belleten, loc. cit.

page 201 note 6 Belleten, loc. cit., p. 12.

page 201 note 7 Op. cit., p. 13, Pl. XI, Al. E 198 (the ring), Al. E 113 (the bulla).

page 201 note 8 Belleten, VIII, No. 29, p. 156Google Scholar; Koṣay, H. Z., Le Fer chez les Hittites, in La Turquie Kémaliste, XLVI, pp. 10 ffGoogle Scholar.

page 201 note 9 Belleten, V., No. 17, pp. 10–12.

page 201 note 10 Op. cit., p. 12.

page 202 note 1 Op. cit., pp. 11–12.

page 202 note 2 Schaeffer, C., op. cit., pp. 281–4, 301. His account is, of course, based mainly on A.H., II, pp. 15–69, which, though published in 1944, describes the 1936 excavations.

page 202 note 3 See especially Şenyürek, M. S., Belleten, V., No. 19, pp. 237–255 (English)Google Scholar, and Özgüç, T., B.V.A., pp. 126–130Google Scholar.