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‘The Irish and the Jews have a good deal in common’: Irish republicanism, anti-Semitism and the post-war world

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 August 2020

Abstract

This article examines how anti-Semitism influenced republican politics in revolutionary Ireland. It looks at Irish republican attitudes toward Jews, including examples of anti-Semitism. Jews were a visible minority in Ireland and one that was sometimes seen as unionist politically. This article illustrates how conspiracy theories about Jewish influence sometimes featured in Irish nationalist tropes, but were far more common in British and unionist discourses regarding events in Ireland. It also shows how individual Jews took part in revolutionary activities, even as some republicans expressed suspicion about them. Outside Ireland, Irish revolutionaries interacted with Jews in several locations, particularly the United States. There was often cooperation in these settings and both groups expressed solidarity towards one another.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Irish Historical Studies Publications Ltd 2020

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References

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2 Probably a reference to Karl Lueger, the Christian-Social mayor of Vienna, who based his appeal on populist anti-Semitic campaigns. See Lindemann, A. S., Esau's tears: modern anti-Semitism and the rise of the Jews (Cambridge, 2000), pp 343–7Google Scholar.

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33 Quoted in Kenny, ‘Arthur Griffith: more Zionist than anti-Semite’.

34 Sinn Féin, 16 Mar. 1912.

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45 G. Gavan Duffy to Ernest Blythe, 28 Mar. 1922, in ibid., pp 416–17. Bewley was ultimately appointed as Irish ambassador to Berlin in 1933. See Roth, Andreas, Mr. Bewley in Berlin: aspects of the career of an Irish diplomat (Dublin, 2000)Google Scholar.

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48 Michael J. Kehoe statement (M.A.I., B.M.H., W.S. 741).

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61 Dr Alice Barry statement (ibid., W.S. 723).

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68 Robert Briscoe, with A. Hatch, For the life of me (London, 1958), pp 18–19.

69 Robert Briscoe (M.A.I., M.S.P.C., MSP34REF297); Michael Briscoe (ibid., MD3668).

70 McCarthy, Kevin, Robert Briscoe: Sinn Féin revolutionary, Fianna Fáil nationalist and revisionist Zionist (Oxford, 2015)Google Scholar; Liam Lynch to Seán Moylan, 6 Feb. 1923 (U.C.D.A., Desmond FitzGerald papers, P80/791 (2)).

71 Keogh, Jews in twentieth-century Ireland, p. 75.

72 T. A. Smiddy to D. FitzGerald, 6 Jan. 1923 in Fanning, Ronan, Kennedy, Michael, Keogh, Dermot and O'Halpin, Eunan (eds), Documents on Irish foreign policy, vol. ii, 1923–1926 (Dublin, 2000), pp 27–8Google Scholar.

73 Report on revolutionary organisations, 4 Apr. 1930 (U.C.D.A., Desmond FitzGerald papers, P80/916 (3)).

74 See the mention of ‘Briscoe the Jew’ at Monaghan County Council in The Anglo-Celt, 14 July 1934.

75 ‘Inquiry into German accounting’ (U.C.D.A., Ernie O'Malley papers, P17a/4); report to C/S & QMG, 16 Apr. 1925 (U.C.D.A., Maurice Twomey papers, P69/210 (13–19)).

76 R. Briscoe to Sec. Pensions Board, 2 Mar. 1938 (M.A.I., M.S.P.C., MSP34REF297).

77 Seamus Robinson to Military Service Pensions Board, 16 Nov. 1935 (ibid.).

78 Jewish Chronicle, 24 Mar. 1922. There was also a claim in Jim Larkin's Irish Worker that Arthur Wicks, who was killed during the Rising, was a ‘Jewish comrade’. This appears to have no foundation. See McGrath, Sam, ‘The darkest hour is before the dawn: the story of Arthur “Neal” Wicks (1893–1916), English socialist, hotel waiter & soldier of the Irish Citizen Army’ in Saothar, xli (2016), pp 298303Google Scholar.

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81 Seamus Reader (M.A.I., M.S.P.C., MSP34REF4300).

82 Report on revolutionary organisations in the United Kingdom, 2 June 1921 (T.N.A., CAB 24/125/10, p. 14).

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89 Irish Press, 8 Nov. 1919.

90 Bernstein, J., ‘“The two finest nations in the world”: American Zionists and Irish nationalism, 1897–1922’ in Journal of American Ethnic History, xxxvi, no. 3 (spring 2017), pp 537CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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92 Ibid.

93 Ibid., 24 Jan. 1920.

94 Ibid.

95 Ibid., 14 Feb. 1920.

96 Ibid.

97 Ibid., 24 Jan. 1920.

98 Ibid., 9 Apr. 1921.

99 American Committee for Relief in Ireland & Irish White Cross, Report (New York, 1922), pp 19–20.

100 Ibid. See also Irish World, 6 Nov., 11 Dec. 1920.

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107 Ibid. 29 Apr. 1922.

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118 In the post-Civil War period, however, elements on the pro-Treaty side began to adopt the ‘Judeo-Bolshevik’ trope and would also use de Valera's alleged Jewishness as a slur. See de Valera's denial of Jewish heritage and its link to allegations of communist sympathies in Dáil Éireann, Irish Press, 3 Mar. 1934.

119 Home Office, ‘A monthly review of revolutionary movements’, no. 32, June 1921 (T.N.A., CAB/24/126, p. 61).

120 Douglas, R. M., ‘The shamrock and the swastika: British Fascism and the Irish question, 1918–1940’ in Albion: a Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies, xxix, no. 1 (spring 1997), pp 5775CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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123 Morning Post, 1 Feb. 1919. Unionist leader Richard Dawson Bates claimed that ‘resentment’ was being shown at what he called ‘the Russian Jew being brought from Dublin to teach the Belfast men their business’. See Morgan, Austen, Labour and partition: the Belfast working class, 1905–1923 (London, 1991), p. 235Google Scholar.

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125 Irish Independent, 14 July 1921.

126 The last days of Dublin Castle: the Mark Sturgis diaries, ed. Michael Hopkinson (Dublin, 1999), p. 35.

127 Ibid., pp 135–6.

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131 Irish Independent, 1 Nov. 1923.

132 Ibid., 17 Nov. 1923.

133 See James Conroy (M.A.I., M.S.P.C., MSP24SP80). Conroy was a veteran of the Easter Rising and ‘the Squad’. There is related material in James Conroy (senior) (ibid., MSP 34REF743), W. C. Roe (ibid., MSP34REF21737), J. Fitzgerald (ibid., MSP24SP106) and J. Coughlan (ibid., MSP24SP550).

134 Katrina Goldstone, ‘Who shot Emanuel Kahn?’ in Irish Times, 18 Nov. 2003.

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137 Dáil Éireann deb., c, 2129 (23 Feb. 1934), 2314 (28 Feb. 1934).

138 Plunkett to de Valera, 2 July 1921 (U.C.D.A., Éamon de Valera papers, P150/1388).

139 I am grateful to Fearghal McGarry, Katrina Goldstone, Robert Gerwarth, Edward Madigan, Patrick Mannion, Patrick Mulroe and Jimmy Yan for their comments and suggestions.