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The European Court of Justice: Of Institutions and Democracy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 July 2014

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Extract

The problem of democracy and judicial review is a problem engendered by successful constitutional courts. For where courts are not successful in establishing veto powers over legislation, no problem or only a very limited problem occurs. Of course any court interpreting statutes in the process of applying them does some law making. How much this law making interferes with democracy depends on how easy it is for the legislature to legislate. Where legislatures can amend statutes easily, they can easily correct “errors” of judicial statutory interpretation. Judicial review of the lawfulness of administrative action essentially involves the same power of statutory interpretation with the same potential for legislative correction.

Most of the nations of the world that do not have successful constitutional courts are not democracies. Indeed, no state without considerable claims to democracy has successful judicial review. These facts are clues to the obvious. Constitutional government is limited government. In the real world we do not encounter nondemocratic limited governments although we encounter many shades of more or less democratic, more or less constitutional governments. So there is some affinity between democracy and constitutionalism.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press and The Faculty of Law, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 1998

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Footnotes

*

James W. and Isabel Coffroth Professor of Law, University of California at Berkeley

References

1 This article is sparsely footnoted. Those who are not convinced by the argument on its face will hardly be convinced by a flood of footnotes. To those who believe that a single legal rule always exists out there somewhere which will yield a single correct, independent, neutral, just solution to whatever conflict is presented to the judge, the argument here is a contingent one. It applies only when judges do not seek the single rule and the correct answer but choose to make judgments on the basis of preferences. Those who believe that there are single correct rules and single correct legal answers and that judges always pursue them are excused reading what follows. For them it is simply nonsense with or without footnotes.

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4 See supra n. 1.

5 This is not the same question as “what are the conditions under which review can succeed”. For instance, it may well be that no matter what its own behavior, a reviewing court cannot succeed in a regime without a competitive party system. The question here is what a reviewing court needs to do to succeed when the exterior conditions necessary for successful review are present and/or can be brought into existence by the court itself.

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