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LA GLOBALIZZAZIONE DELLA DEMOCRAZIA: TRANSIZIONI E CONSOLIDAMENTO DEMOCRATICO AGLI ALBORI DEL XXI SECOLO

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 July 2018

Introduzione

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Uno degli aspetti più influenti del discusso processo della globalizzazione, con le sue molteplici ripercussioni economiche, sociali e politiche, è rappresentato dalla propagazione su scala mondiale della democrazia. Sappiamo che la democrazia è oggi il sistema politico più diffuso e che gran parte dell'umanità vive oramai in regimi eletti democraticamente, con ripercussioni ampiamente positive: a livello nazionale i regimi democratici garantiscono, rispetto ai loro predecessori autoritari, una migliore protezione dei principali diritti civili e politici, pur se questa rimane in alcuni casi insoddisfacente. A livello internazionale il prevalere della democrazia garantisce, tra le altre cose, scenari meno conflittuali, riducendo le chances di ostilità o vere e proprie guerre tra Stati (Bonanate 2000, 204-210 per una discussione). Il successo democratico in aree geopolitiche molto diverse, tuttavia, ne rende particolarmente complessa l'analisi: decine di paesi sono impegnati, con alterne fortune, nelle fasi della transizione alla democrazia o in quelle successive del rafforzamento del nuovo regime. E inevitabile, in casi del genere, valutare con maggiore attenzione i processi politici che per primi si sono sviluppati ed hanno attecchito, lasciando in ombra quelli successivi. Dei processi più recenti, anzi, è spesso arduo offrire una descrizione accurata, per il turbinio di eventi e personaggi che spesso ne caratterizzano le vicende.

Summary

Summary

This article evaluates the trends of democratization over the last ten years. In particular, it focuses on the new transitions to democracy taking place in Central-eastern Europe and sub-Saharan Africa, the two regions where this political process has lately been more pervasive. The basic question The author tries to answer is whether the conditions that favored the democratic wave originating in Portugal in the mid-seventies are still able to explain the political transformations that followed the breakdown of the Berlin wall. For many the implosion of Communism makes any such comparisons impossible. After summarizing some crucial variables suggested by the literature to explain democratic transitions and consolidation, The author tests this hypothesis in both Central-eastern Europe and sub-Saharan Africa. Initial findings show that in many cases the variables that favored democratic transitions before 1989 operate in similar ways thereafter. A few differences aside, in the most recent cases a number of basic economic, institutional and cultural conditions continue, as they did earlier, to favor or frustrate democratization.

Type
Saggi
Copyright
Copyright © 2002 by Società editrice il Mulino, Bologna 

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