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Memory as Rite de Passage. Towards a Postmoralistic Historiography of the Second World War*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 April 2010

Extract

As a native of the Netherlands, I have been imbued with an awareness of the history of the Second World War in both Europe and the Pacific ever since I was a child, though I must admit that the Japanese occupation of the Dutch colony in the Dutch East Indies from 1942 to 1945 plays a less important part in my imagination than thefiveyears of German occupation of the Netherlands. My parents and brothers can directly recollect the latter dark period, and I see it vividly in my mind's eye, born (in 1948) and bred as I was in Rotterdam, the city whose centre was razed to the ground by the German air raid in May 1940. The effects of the bombs were still clearly visible during the years in which I was growing up there. Given this double Dutch memory – memory of the hostilities in Europe, and memory of South-East Asia – it hardly seems fortuitous that the Dutch scholar Ian Buruma chose the German and Japanese memory of the Second World War and of the War in the Pacific as the theme for his 1994 publication The Wages of Guilt.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Research Institute for History, Leiden University 1996

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References

Notes

1 Buruma, Ian, The Wages of Guilt: Memories of War in Germany and Japan (New York 1995)Google Scholar.

2 Cate, Joh. Houwink ten, Alfons Zündler en de Bewaking van het Gevangenkamp aan de Plantage-middenlaan 24 te Amsterdam — Volgens de Geschreven Bronnen, unpublished report by the Netherlands State Institute for War Documentation (RIOD), Amsterdam, 08 1994Google Scholar.

3 NRC Handelsblad, 17 January 1996.

4 Fasseur, C., ‘Het Verleden tot Last: De Tweede Wereldoorlog en de Dekolonisatie van Indonesië’ in: Barnouw, David, Keizer, Madelon de and Stroom, Gerrold van der eds, 1940–1945: Onverwetkt vetiedent (Utrecht 1985) 133155;Google ScholarDoom, J. A. A. van, Indische lessen: Nederland en de Koloniale Ervaring (Amsterdam 1995)Google Scholar.

5 In Dutch in Fasseur, ‘Het Verleden tot Last’, 135.

6 Benz, Wolfgang, ‘Braucht Deutschland ein Holocaust Museum? Gedenkstatten und die öffentliche Erinnerung’ in: Benz, Wolfgang and Distel, Barbara eds, Orte der Erinnerung 1945 bis 1995, Dachauer Hefte, Studien und Dokumente zur Geschichte der national sozia-listischen Konzentrationslager, Heft 11 (1995) 3Google Scholar.

7 Schrnöker, Inge, Danyel, Jürgen eds, Die geteilte Vergangenheit- Zum Umgang nut National-sozialismus und Widerstand in beiden deutscken Staaten (Berlin 1995) 247264Google Scholar.

8 I like t o thank Professor Kurt Radtke for sharing his opinion about sensö sekinin with me (February 1996).

9 Cook, Haruko Taya and Cook, Theodore F., Japan at War: An Oral History (New York 1992) 10Google Scholar.

10 Ibidem, 406.

11 Owings, Alison, Frauern: German Women Recall the Third Reich (New Brunswick 1993)Google Scholar.

12 Buruma, , Wages of Guilt, 60Google Scholar.

13 Ernst Nolte, ‘Vergangenheit, die nichtvergehen will’, FrankfurterAllgemeine Zeitung, 6 June 1986. About this controversy see Maier, Charles S., The UnmasterablePast: History, Holocaust, and German National Identity (Cambridge, Mass., 1988) 2533Google Scholar.

14 Rousso, Henri, Le syndrome de Vichy de 1944 à nos jours (Paris 1987), transl.Google ScholarThe Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France since 1944 (Cambridge, Mass., 1991)Google Scholar.

15 Rousso, Henri, ‘La France inconsolable ou le deuil perpétuel des années noires’ in: 1945: Consequences and Sequels of the Second World War (Paris 1995) 325338, esp. 338Google Scholar.

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18 Buruma, , Wages of Guilt, 173, 260261, 296–297Google Scholar.

19 Reid, Anthony, ‘Remembering and Forgetting the War in Indonesia’. Due to be published n i the forthcoming conference publication: Keizer, Madelon de ed., Memory and the Second World War (1997)Google Scholar.

20 For a good bibliography, see: Young, James E., The Texture of Memory: Holocaust Memorials and Meaning (New Haven and London 1993) 373390Google Scholar.

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22 For an excellent discussion of this position see Bartov, Omer, ‘Intellectuals on Auschwitz: Memory, History and Truth’, History and Memory: Studies in Representation of the Past 5 (1993) 87117Google Scholar.

23 Lorenz, Chris, ‘Beyond Good and Evil? The German Empire of 1871 and Modern German Historiography’, Journal of Contemporary History 20 (1995) 729765, esp. 756CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

24 Ibidem, 757.

25 Bedarida, François, ‘Historical Practice and Responsibility’ in: Bédarida, François ed., The Social Responsibility of the Historian (Providence 1994) 16Google Scholar.

26 Christian Meier, ‘Scholarship and the Responsibility of the Historian’, Ibidem, 40.

27 Buruma, , Wages of Guilt, 309, writes about the rise of a new generation in Germany in the mid-nineties, which is adopting this attitudeGoogle Scholar.