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Alcohol, Racial Segregation and Popular Politics in Northern Rhodesia*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 January 2009

Charles Ambler
Charles Ambler
Affiliation:
University of Texas at El Paso
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Extract

Historians who have studied the rise of African opposition to colonialism in Northern Rhodesia have concentrated largely on the development of political parties and their campaigns for political rights. This paper explores some of the social and cultural elements of the popular movement against British rule through an examination of challenges to restrictions on the production and consumption of alcoholic beverages. In Northern Rhodesia as in much of British-ruled east, central and southern Africa, the colonial government banned the consumption by Africans of all European-type alcoholic drinks and placed tight restrictions on the brewing and sale of grain beers. In the immediate postwar period racially discriminatory alcohol regulations emerged as a highly emotional issue and remained so despite liberalization of the restrictions on beer and wine. But the focus of popular anger was the municipal grain beer monopolies and attempts on the part of the authorities to stamp out an illegal beer trade conducted by women brewers. Beginning in the mid-1950s this anger erupted in a series of protests and boycotts directed against municipal beerhalls. The protesters, many of whom were women, opposed the exclusion of Africans from a potentially lucrative sector of trade as well as the supposedly immoral and degrading characteristics of the beerhalls. Examination of the struggle over the beerhalls illuminates some of the diverse and contradictory sources and objectives of popular political expression during this period and in particular sheds light on the interplay among issues of race, class and gender in the nationalist movement.

Type
Politics in the Late Colonial Period
Information
The Journal of African History , Volume 31 , Issue 2 , July 1990 , pp. 295 - 313
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1990

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References

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28 Stewart Gore-Browne, Summary Response of Committee [on liquor law] Questionnaire, 1955, Sec 5/443, NAZ. Gore-Browne's ambivalent attitude toward African drinking is noted in Andrew Roberts' review of Robert Rotberg, Black Heart:Gore-Browne and the Politics of Multiracial Zambia (Afr.Affairs, LXXVIII [Oct. 1979], 572).

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79 Ibid. 2, 18, 19 Sept. 1957.

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82 Northern News, quoted in Mulford, , Zambia: The Politics of Independence, 64.Google Scholar

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85 Ibid. 27 July 1957.

86 H. D. Banda, letter to the editor, Ibid. 5 Aug. 1957; and Ibid. 24 July 1957.

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88 Ibid. 5 Aug. 1957.

89 Epstein, A. L., Politics in an Urban African Community (Manchester, 1958), 107.Google Scholar

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91 Nchanga Drum, April 1957, report on a meeting of the ‘Young Wives Club’.

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95 Commission of Inquiry into Unrest on the Copperbelt, July—August 1963, Evidence, mimeo, Lusaka, 1963, M. Adams (District Commissioner, Kitwe), 270; Nelson Kumwanda, interview with author, Lusaka, 22 June 1988; Nchanga Drum, Dec. 1957; and Northern News, 15 May and 23 July 1957.

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98 Nchanga Drum, 17 Oct. 1958, 21 Aug. 1959.

99 1963 Copperbelt Commission, Exhibits, ‘Incidents of violence’, Kitwe Municipal Council, July 1963; Northern Rhodesia, ‘An account of the disturbances in Northern Rhodesia, July to October, 1961’, Lusaka, 1961, 2; Tembo, Nephas, The Lilian Burton Killing (Lusaka, 1986), 13Google Scholar; and Mulford, , Zambia: The Politics of Independence, 199.Google Scholar

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101 See 1963 Copperbelt Commission, Report, Evidence, and Memoranda.

102 1963 Copperbelt Commission, Report, 6.

103 1963 Copperbelt Commission, Evidence, L. Clark (Police Official), 529.

104 1963 Copperbelt Commission, Report, 6, 11–12.

105 African Personnel Manager, Roan Antelope Copper Mine, Memorandum on ‘African beer’, 11 May 1961, RCM/RST 203.8.1.

106 1963 Copperbelt Commission, Report, 5; 1963 Copperbelt Commission, Evidence, L. Clark, 528; Abel Mulenga, interview by J. Mlondiwa, Lusaka, June 1988; and Wellington Yakobe Nkosi, interview by J. Mlondiwa, Lusaka, 10 July 1988.

107 1963 Copperbelt Commission, L. Clark, Evidence, 512. Also, Festus Chileshe (shopkeeper), 1890; and Dominic Mwenya (mineworker), 2005.

108 Ibid. S. P. Bourne (deputy Provincial Commissioner), 49; L. Clark, 512; and 1963 Copperbelt Commission, Memoranda, L. K. Lombe, letter dated 21 July 1963.

109 1963 Copperbelt Commission, Evidence, R. Cunningham (District Commissioner), 858.

110 Ibid. G. Walsh (District Commissioner), 375; G. Lane (police official), 449–50; K. Pickles (District Commissioner), 489; L. Clark, 512; and H. Philpot (police official), 607.

111 Ibid. F. Roberts (police official), 104.

112 Ibid. M. Adams (District Commissioner), 225.

113 Ibid. L. Clark, 520; H. Philpot, 607; and Francis Mukuka (township secretary), 1905.

114 Ibid. A. Black (municipal official), 2079; and Northern News, 1 Aug. 1963.

115 Statement from Combined Kitwe Youth Clubs, 1963 Copperbelt Commission, Memoranda.

116 1963 Copperbelt Commission, Evidence, M. Adams, 270; and Harry Nkumbula, 1252.

117 Zambia Times (U.N.I.P. paper), 14 May 1963, in 1963 Copperbelt Commission, Memoranda.

118 1963 Copperbelt Commission, Evidence, M. Chona, 1506; and Rhodesia Broken Hill Development Company, Ltd, Compound Report for Nov. 1963, Nchanga Consolidated Copper Mines (formerly Anglo-American Corporation) deposit, Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines Archives, NCCM/CSD/MO/220.

119 Ester Banda quoted in Northern News, 31 Aug. 1963.

120 Northern Rhodesia, Ministry of Local Government, ‘Local authority liquor undertakings’, Circular 5/64, 11 April 1964. All bars were opened to Africans on 19 July 1963, Northern News, 20 July 1963. Whites attempted, however, to maintain segregation in private clubs. ‘Rhokana Club membership—multiracial aspect (strictly confidential)’, 3 Dec. 1964, NCCM/HO 525; and anonymous interview by author, Lusaka Club, 17 June 1988.

121 Haworth, , Community response to alcohol problems in Zambia, vol. I, 35–45.Google Scholar

122 Ibid. 49–50.