² See generally, Baquele Habte Michael, Adoption in Galla and Amhara Customs, unpublished, 1971, Archives, Faculty of Law, Haile Sellassie I University.

³ See Ayele Gulte, “Adoption: an international venture”, The Ethiopian Herald, November 1st, 1970, 2, col. 3, and, generally, Baquele Habte Michael, supra, n. 2.

⁴ See Aregewein Medhane, “Women who abandon their children have their reasons”, Police and Progress, Maskarem 30, 1963 (Ethiopian Calendar), and articles cited infra, p. 160, n. 1.

⁵ Interview with Sister Mehret Paulos, Haile Sellassie I Foundation staff member, March 16th, 1971.

⁶ See editorial on abandoned children, Police and Progress, Maskarem 15, 1963 (E.C.), and Andargachew Tesfaye, “The problem of prostitution”, (1967) University College Alumni Association Bulletin 30.

^{page 146 note 1} See Civil Code arts. 740–746, and Aregewein Medhane, supra, p. 145, n. 4.

^{page 146 note 2} Interview with Sister Mehret Paulos, supra, p. 145, n. 5.

^{page 146 note 3} Haile Sellassie I Foundation Adoption File, No. 1980/59.

^{page 146 note 4} This is a summary of 7,296 cases from many areas of the law prepared by the Ministry of Justice to guide the Imperial Codification Commission in the preparation of a series of codes in the 1950s and 1960s. The origin of these undated cases is obscure. It has been speculated that any pre-1941 cases in the Book were rendered by Wombars who handled appeal decisions in the Imperial Palace compound and that the post-1941 cases may include decisions of other Amharic speaking judges in Addis Ababa. See N. Singer, “Modernization of law in Ethiopia: a study in process and personal values”, (1970) Harvard International Law Journal, 73, at p. 85, n. 44 and J. Vanderlinden, “An introduction to the sources of Ethiopian Law”, (1966) 3 Journal of Ethiopian Law, III, 227, 247–248.

^{page 147 note 1} Baquele Habte Michael, op. cit., p. 4.

^{page 147 note 2} Op. cit., at p. 12 (Guidfetcha) and Bekele Nadi, “Adoption among the Oromo of Sawa”, (1958) 8, Bulletin of the Ethnological Society of the University College of Addis Ababa, 83, at p. 86 (Mogassa).

^{page 147 note 3} Baquele Habte Michael, op. cit., p. 13.

^{page 147 note 4} Op. cit., p. 14.

^{page 147 note 5} S. Messing, The Highland Plateau Amhara of Ethiopia (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1957), 405. A very popular form of “Godchild” relationship that does not involve complete assimilation so as to entitle the adopted child to legally enforceable rights vis-a-vis the adoptive family is also called yetut lij by some Amhara groups. See Baquele Habte Michael, op. cit., pp. 20–22.

^{page 147 note 6} Bekele Nadi, op. cit., p. 83; Baquele Habte Michael, op. cit., p. 6; Teffera Ghizaw v. Menna Bekelech (High Ct., Addis Ababa), (1965) 1 Journal of Ethiopian Law 81, at p. 83.

^{page 147 note 7} See generally, S. Messing, supra, n. 5.

^{page 147 note 8} Baquele Habte Michael, op. cit., p. 15; recent eyewitness account by Ababetch Bant, Addis Ababa Municipality social worker, recounted in interview of March 18th, 1971.

^{page 147 note 9} The terms yemar lij, yetut lij and mogassa are sometimes used to mean something less than a full assimilation of the adoptive child into the new family as a natural born. Teffera Ghizaw v. Menna Bekelech, supra, n. 6 (yemar and yetut lij); Baquele Habte Michael, op. cit., p. 21 (mogassa). Gudifetcha, on the other hand, is apparently always used to mean full assimilation. Teffera Ghizaw v. Menna Bekelech, supra, n. 6.

^{page 147 note 10} See Bekele Nadi, supra, n. 6 (gudifetcha-mogassa), and S. Messing, supra, n. 5 (yemar-yetut lij).

^{page 147 note 11} E.g., Mulugeta Bedani v. Beyetch Bedani (High Ct., Addis Ababa, 1970, Civil Case No. 186/61) (unpublished) and In re Beyetcha Alemu (High Ct., Addis Ababa, 1970, Civil Case No. 1696/61) (unpublished). These adoption declarations were made prior to the enactment of the Civil Code of 1960.

^{page 147 note 12} Baquele Habte Michael, op. cit., p. 8, and S. Messing, op. cit., pp. 405–406.

^{page 147 note 13} See, e.g., 15 171st Ethiopian Old Judgments Book (hereafter E.O.J.B.), 123.

^{page 147 note 14} Gudifetcha-mogassa: 7 112th E.O.J.B. 311; 56 53rd E.O.J.B. 187; 4 9th E.O.J.B. 17; 133 285th E.O.J.B. 161. Yemar-yetut lij: 102 189th E.O.J.B. 27; 120 1st E.O.J.B. 62.

^{page 147 note 15} Baquele Habte Michael, op. cit., p. 11.

^{page 148 note 1} S. Messing, op. cit., p. 406.

^{page 148 note 2} Baquele Habte Michael, op. cit., p. 12.

^{page 148 note 3} Op. cit., p. 7.

^{page 148 note 4} Op. cit., pp. 4, 9 (Galla); op. cit., p. 15 (Amhara).

^{page 148 note 5} Gudifetcha-mogassa: 15 171st E.O.J.B. 123; 221 39th E.O.J.B. 279; 56 53rd E.O.J.B. 187; 48 241st E.O.J.B. 272. Yemar-yetut lij: 10 181st E.O.J.B. 11; 65 222nd E.O.J.B. 99; 101 68th E.O.J.B. 133; 82 242nd E.O.J.B. 73.

^{page 148 note 6} 186 202nd E.O.J.B. 103 (Galla); 120 1st E.O.J.B. 62 (Amhara).

^{page 148 note 7} 76 58th E.O.J.B. 91; 97 175th E.O.J.B. 89 (gudifetcha-mogassa). Baquele Habte Michael, op. cit., p. 16 (yemar-yetut lij). Baquele also reports that the gudifetcha relationship could only be severed by the child if community elders approved. Op. cit., pp. 9–11.

^{page 148 note 8} 230 27th E.O.J.B. 243; Baquele Habte Michael, op. cit., p. 11.

^{page 148 note 9} 7 112th E.O.J.B., 311.

^{page 148 note 10} 194 157th E.O.J.B., 325.

^{page 148 note 11} It should be noted that this case may not reflect a “rule” of customary law but simply an interpretation of the deceased's will in which he was free to leave his property to whomsoever he wished.

^{page 149 note 1} David, R., Le Droit de la Famille dans le Code Civil Ethiopien, Milan, 1967, 69. Professor David stated, however, in respect to family law in general, that he received some impressions of custom from reading and personal contacts. Op. cit., p. 3.Google Scholar

^{page 149 note 2} Op. cit., p. 52.

^{page 149 note 3} Professor David has said that the Ethiopian members of the Codification Commission generally were not even familiar with the customs of their own regions of the country. Op. cit., p. 3.

^{page 149 note 4} Civ. C., art. 797 (1). But where the adoption is by spouses, it is sufficient if only one is of age. Ibid., 797 (2).

^{page 149 note 5} Ibid., art. 799.

^{page 149 note 6} Ibid., art. 803.

^{page 149 note 7} Under the Code the parental consent must be communicated to a court, however, either in written form or by personal appearance in court. Ibid., arts. 803, 804 (2). This does diverge from custom and could present conflict problems.

^{page 150 note 1} Civ. C., arts. 796, 556, 582, 583.

^{page 150 note 2} Ibid., art. 836 (2).

^{page 150 note 3} Ibid., arts. 836 (2), 557, 558.

^{page 150 note 4} R. David, op. cit., p. 52. And there could be no revocation of the approval after the adoption was approved by a court.

^{page 150 note 5} Op. cit.

^{page 150 note 6} The original draft also contained a provision permitting collaterals and, apparently, ascendants, to elect within one year after the Code became effective that adoptions occurring before the Code should not be effective as to them. This provision was not enacted: Hailu Churnet translation of R. David, op. cit. (unpublished), 1970, Library, Faculty of Law, Haile Sellassie I University, 5, n. 3.

^{page 151 note 1} Compare supra, p. 148, n. 11, and the text preceding it.

^{page 151 note 2} See the Uniform Adoption Act (U.S.A.), s. 12 (1), (1957) 9 Uniform Laws Annotated 53.

^{page 151 note 3} There was a second draft of the family law provisions of the Code by the draftsman, but it is not clear whether the change in the provision under discussion was made before or after the second draft. See generally, Introduction to R. David, supra, p. 149, n. 1.

^{page 151 note 4} Certain provisions regarding eligibility in the adoption process were eliminated from the initial draft before enactment, apparently during the course of parliamentary debates preceding enactment. These had stipulated that (i) the adopted person be less than 18 years of age (see traditional limitation of twelve years noted in text at p. 148, n. 3); (ii) an adopter be at least 40 years of age; and (iii) there be at least 20 years' difference in age between the adopter and the adopted. Hailu Churnet, op. cit., p. 29, n. 120.

^{page 151 note 5} Civ. C., art. 800.

^{page 151 note 6} R. David, op. cit., p. 67.

^{page 151 note 7} Op. cit.

^{page 151 note 8} Civ. C., art. 802 (2). If the child is over 15, he, and not the guardian, shall enter into the contract with the adopter. Ibid., art. 802 (1).

^{page 151 note 9} See supra, p. 147, nn. 6 and 7.

^{page 151 note 10} See Haile Sellassie I Foundation File, No. 1980/59 (Reed case).

^{page 151 note 11} Civ. C., art. 41 (2). The Code also provides in art. 41 (1) that:“The adopted child shall take the name of the adopter”. This undoubtedly means the family name of the adopter. See idem and art. 32. In this connection one should note the practice of the Haile Sellassie I Foundation of obtaining new birth certificates, issued by the proper authorities, for children placed by them for adoption. These certificates contain the new first name, if any, and the new patronymic of the child: Woz. Sophia Zacharias (Adoption Service Head, Haile Sellassie I Foundation), untitled manuscript regarding adoption in Ethiopia (unpublished), Haile Sellassie I Foundation, 1971, 15. See, e.g., Haile Sellassie I Foundation Adoption File, No. 1980/59.

^{page 152 note 1} Civ. C. art. 3348; “Unless otherwise expressly provided, legal situations created prior to the coming into force of this Code shall remain valid notwithstanding that this Code modifies the conditions on which such situations may be created.”

^{page 152 note 2} Civ. C., art. 804(1).

^{page 152 note 3} See authorities cited supra, p. 147, nn. 6 and 7.

^{page 152 note 4} See supra, p. 147, n. 11.

^{page 152 note 5} Civ. C., art. 559.

^{page 152 note 6} Ibid., art. 823.

^{page 152 note 7} Woz. Sophia Zacharias, Fundamental Principles of Adoption (unpublished), Haile Sellassie I Foundation, 1971, 7; and interview, Woz. Sophia Zacharias, Adoption Service Head, Haile Sellassie I Foundation, May 6th, 1971.

^{page 152 note 8} Civ. C., art. 806.

^{page 152 note 9} See cases cited supra, p. 148, n. 5.

^{page 152 note 10} Civ. C., art. 938. And see ibid., art. 811, where the obligation to supply maintenance is excused when the person otherwise entitled has made an attempt on the life of the person otherwise bound or one of his close relatives.

^{page 153 note 1} See first-hand account of natural father who at first, “as a Christian”, refused a request that he give his child, but after further supplication by the prospective adoptive parents, relented “according to the Galla custom”. In re Workinesh Cheko (High Ct., Addis Ababa, 1969, Civil Case, Probate and Administration, No. 119/59) (unpublished). See also, Baquele Habte Michael, op. cit., p. 7, who reports that the request is not to be denied unless the person asked has only one child.

^{page 153 note 2} The provision in art. 557 of the Civil Code that “an adopted child shall for all purposes be deemed to be a child of the adopter” probably does not conflict with custom as the only evidence of traditional discrimination in a legal context was either obscure or could be explained on other grounds. See text supra, p. 148.

^{page 153 note 3} Civ. C., art. 804 (1).

^{page 153 note 4} See Civ. C., art. 3348 and Yishamoush Girmay v. Kassa Retta (High Ct., Addis Ababa), (1966) 3 Journal of Ethiopian Law 48, at p. 49.

^{page 153 note 5} Tadesse Dargai v. Dargai Aiyeh (High Ct., Addis Ababa, Civil Case No. 1049/56) (unpublished); In re Beyetcha Alemu (High Ct., Addis Ababa, 1970, Civil Case No. 1696/61) (unpublished).

^{page 154 note 1} Tadesse Dargai v. Dargai Aiyeh, cited supra, p. 153, n. 5. Dictum statements have been found in a decided case indicating that the court might have thought certain valid formation provisions of the Code (arts. 803 (1) and 798 (1) and (2)) applied to pre-code adoptions. In re Workinesh Cheko, cited supra, p. 153, n. 1.

^{page 154 note 2} Civ. C., art. 3351 (1) and Yishamoush Girmay v. Kassa Retta, cited supra, p. 153, n. 4.

^{page 154 note 3} Civ. C., art. 3349.

^{page 154 note 4} See text and cases cited supra, p. 148, especially n. 5.

^{page 155 note 1} See, e.g., In re Woz. Gete Biratu (High Court, Addis Ababa, 1969, Civil Case No. 256/58) (unpublished), and In re Workinesh Cheko, cited supra, p. 153, n. 1.

^{page 155 note 2} Civ. C., arts. 796 (1), 796 (1) and s. 3, Chapter 10, Title IV, Book II, titled “Proof of Filiation” use the same Amharic term for “filiation” in the Amharic version of the Code and that version is controlling.

^{page 155 note 3} In In re Woz. Gete Biratu, cited supra, n. 1, the court cited art. 771 (1) in holding that the pre-code adoption had been validly proven by four witnesses.

^{page 155 note 4} If the court records of post-code adoptions should be lost or destroyed, witnesses to the adoption contracts may have to be presented as a substitute means of proof.

^{page 155 note 5} Teffera Ghizaw v. Menna Bekelech, cited supra, p. 147, n. 6. In that case proof of an alleged secret ceremony was held to be insufficient.

^{page 155 note 6} E.g., In re Workinesh Cheko, cited supra, p. 153, n. 1. Compare Mulugeta Bedani v. Beyetch Bedani (High Ct., Addis Ababa, 1971, Civil Case No. 186/61) (unpublished), where hearsay evidence that an adoption had occurred was rejected by the court.

^{page 155 note 7} E.g., In re Woz. Gete Biratu, cited supra, n. 1, and Eido Dadi v. Tchiro Devete (High Ct., Addis Ababa, 1970, Civil Appeal No. 590/62) (unpublished). In the latter case only three witnesses giving hearsay evidence of the adoption were accepted by the Awraja court and the case was affirmed by the High Court on appeal.

^{page 155 note 8} In re Emet Chaltu Wedda (High Ct., Addis Ababa, 1965, Civil Case No. 507/51) (unpublished).

^{page 155 note 9} See cases cited supra, p. 147, n. 11.

^{page 155 note 10} Mulugeta Bedani v. Beyetch Bedani, cited supra, p. 147, n. 11.

^{page 156 note 1} See cases cited supra, p. 155, nn. 7 and 8.

^{page 156 note 2} See cases cited supra, p. 155, n. 1.

^{page 156 note 3} Civ. C., arts. 796, 798, 802, 804.

^{page 156 note 4} Ibid., art. 804 (1).

^{page 156 note 5} The files of the Haile Sellassie I Foundation contain papers indicating that a proceeding of this sort took place in 1969 in the Arussi Awraja Court. Haile Sellassie I Foundation Adoption File, No. 5.29 (18.9.59) (Hanson Adoption).

^{page 157 note 1} Emet Jejeb v. Dessie Abdecho (High Ct., 1969, Civil Appeal No. 1307/60) (unpublished). There was an allegation that the contract was filed with a local administrative official but no evidence was presented even of this. But see Supreme Imperial Court (Addis Ababa) decision of Megabit 1, 1962 (E.C.) (Civil Appeal No. 974/60) in which the court in a dictum statement noted that the writing presented was not court-approved as required by the Civil Code, art. 804 (1). It was not clear whether the writing had been executed before or after the Code.

^{page 157 note 2} Abate Yimer interview with Graz. Aman Hussein, Memhere Zewdie Setsedingle, and Negash Wolde Selassie, judges of the Addis Ababa Awraja Court, 8th Division, May 11th, 1971.

^{page 157 note 3} Ibid.

^{page 157 note 4} Abate Yimer interviews with Judges Graz Aman Hussein, May 11th, 1971 and Eshete Geda, May 25th, 1971.

^{page 157 note 5} Abate Yimer interview with Judge Getu Beyene, May 25th, 1971.

^{page 158 note 1} Civ. C., art. 796 (1).

^{page 158 note 2} Tamiru Ambaye v. Tesfaye Durge (High Ct., Addis Ababa, 1970, Civil Appeal No. 317/63) and In re Beyetchu Alemu, cited supra, p. 147, n. 11.

^{page 158 note 3} Tamiru Ambaye v. Tesfaye Durge cited supra, n. 2.

^{page 159 note 1} See, as an illustration of many recent cases in which the jurisdictional question in natural filiation cases was not considered until all the evidence was in, In re Emet Jimmi Waritu (High Ct., Addis Ababa, 1971, Civil Appeal No. 1484/62) (unpublished).

^{page 159 note 2} Editorial on abandoned children, Police and Progress, Maskarem 15, 1963 (E.C.).

^{page 159 note 3} Medhane, Aregewein, “Women who abandon their children have their reasons”, Police and Progress, Maskarem30, 1963 (E.C.).Google Scholar

^{page 159 note 4} See Civ. C., arts. 740–746.

^{page 160 note 1} See, e.g., reports of police discovery and placement of abandoned children in Police and Progress, Tikimt 15, 1961 (E.C.), 1, col. 3; Police and Progress, Guenbot 30, 1959 (E.C.), 4, col. 1; Police and Progress, Tahsas 15, 1958 (E.C.) 1.col. 1;Google ScholarPolice and Progress, Maskarem 30, 1963 (E.C.), 1, col. 5; Police and Progress, Pagume 1, 1957 (E.C.), 1, col. 1.Google Scholar

^{page 160 note 2} Ibid.

^{page 160 note 3} Kebebe Tsahai Children's Home.

^{page 160 note 4} The Haile Sellassie I Foundation and Tekle Menen Children's Homes.

^{page 160 note 5} See generally, Woz. Sophia Zacharias, untitled manuscript regarding adoption in Ethiopia (unpublished), Haile Sellassie II Foundation, 1971; and Woz. Sophia Zacharias, Fundamental Principles of Adoption (unpublished), Haile Sellassie I Foundation, 1971.

^{page 160 note 6} Woz. Sophia Zacharias, untitled manuscript, 1, and Fundamental Principles of Adoption, cited supra, n. 5.

^{page 160 note 7} Interview with Woz. Sophia Zacharias, Adoption Service Head, Haile Sellassie I Foundation, May 6th, 1971.

^{page 160 note 8} See Ayele Gulte, “Adoption: an international venture”, The Ethiopian Herald, November 1st, 1970, 2, col. 3.

^{page 160 note 9} Interview with Woz. Sophia Zacharias, cited supra, n. 7.

^{page 160 note 10} Woz. Sophia Zacharias, untitled manuscript, op. cit., p. 1.

^{page 160 note 11} Interview with Woz. Sophia Zacharias, cited supra, n. 7.

^{page 161 note 1} Fourteen Swedish adoptions, two Ethiopian and one French were under the auspices of the Municipality; the remainder, of the Foundation.

^{page 161 note 2} See “Ethiopian children Sweden bound”, The Ethiopian Herald, June 17th, 1971, 1, col. 2.

^{page 161 note 3} In re Adoption of Gunawork (High Ct., Addis Ababa, Civil Appeal No. 270/58) (unpublished). A report of the Gunawork case in the High Court, not including the statements quoted in the text, appears in (1966) 3 Journal of Ethiopian Law 422.

^{page 161 note 4} In re Adoption of Tsehai Abera (High Court, Addis Ababa, 1967, Civil Case No. 222/60) (unpublished). The Ministry of Foreign Affairs responded that it had no such authority. Ibid.

^{page 161 note 5} Ibid., and In re Adoption of Gunawork, cited supra, n. 3. The judges of the Addis Ababa Awraja Court, where these cases originated, have apparently had the gist of the High Court decisions in these cases pointed out to them by the President of the Addis Ababa Awraja Court. Abate Yimer interview with Judge Getu Beyene, Addis Ababa Awraja Court, May 25th, 1971.

^{page 162 note 1} In response to this point Woz. Sophia Zacharias said that children cannot receive the kind of care necessary for full development to useful citizenship in an institutional environment. They need “real” homes. Interview, cited supra, p. 160, n. 7.

^{page 162 note 2} Interviews, cited supra, p. 157, nn. 2 and 4.

^{page 162 note 3} Interview, cited supra, p. 157, n. 4.

^{page 162 note 4} “Children want parents—parents want children” (undated pamphlet issued by the Swedish Adoption Centre), 2.

^{page 162 note 5} Interview with Greta Svedberg, Swedish Adoption Centre representative in Ethiopia, March 25th, 1971.

^{page 163 note 1} Ibid., and see In re Application of Engimar Person, and Woz. Azieb Belay (decision of High Ct., Addis Ababa, dated July 21st, 1970).

^{page 163 note 2} In re Application of Engimar Person and Woz. Azieb Belay, cited supra, n. 1.

^{page 163 note 3} Civ. C., art. 798 (1).

^{page 163 note 4} Ibid.

^{page 163 note 5} See Woz. Sophia Zacharias, untitled manuscript, op. cit., pp. 12–14.

^{page 163 note 6} Interview with Greta Svedberg, cited supra, p. 162, n. 5.

^{page 163 note 7} Ibid., and interview with Woz. Sophia Zacharias, cited supra, p. 160, n. 7.

^{page 163 note 8} Eek, H., The Swedish Conflict of Laws, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1965, 56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 164 note 1} Compare a case recounted op. cit., at p. 57, which concerned the adoption of a Greek girl by Swedes. It appeared Greek law contained no explicit rule on the validity of adoptions outside Greece. Greek legal writers, however, were of the opinion that foreign adoptions would be recognized in Greece if the conditions of Greek law for a valid adoption were observed. One of these conditions was that an adopter must be at least 50 years old. One of the Swedish spouses was not yet 50. The Swedish court appeared to examine and apply the Greek law but concluded that “in consideration of the fact that the adoption is obviously in the child's interest, it must be assumed that it will be recognized in Greece”. H. Eek concluded that the decision was incompatible with principle embodied in governing Swedish law. Op. cit., p. 59, n. 5.

^{page 164 note 2} H. Mäl, American-Swedish Private International Law, Bilateral Studies in Private International Law, No. 13, Parker School of Foreign and Comparative Law, Columbia University, New York, 1965, 18.

^{page 164 note 3} See cases cited supra, p. 161, nn. 3 and 4.

^{page 165 note 1} Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia (3rd proof) to be published by the Faculty of Law, Haile Sellassie I University. The original Amharic version was published in the Berhanena Salem newspaper, vol. 6, No. 30, July 24th, 1930, copies of which are not now available in any public repository.

^{page 165 note 2} Ibid.

^{page 165 note 3} H. Mäl, op. cit., p. 18, n. 37, states that Swedish provisions correspond to the American statutes in this regard.

^{page 165 note 4} 8 United States Code, ss. 1430 (a) and 1434. U.S. and Swedish citizenship will not be conferred on anyone unless it is clear that any other citizenship will be lost when the new citizenship is granted, H. Mäl, op. cit., p. 19.

^{page 166 note 1} See supra, p. 147, and especially n. 14.

^{page 166 note 2} Nationality Act, 1930, s. 17.

^{page 166 note 3} E.g., Haile Sellassie I Foundation, Adoption File No. 1980/59 (Taylor and Roberts Adoptions). Some people involved in Ethiopian adoptions have had the impression that a child cannot lose his Ethiopian citizenship until the age of eighteen. This may have come from a misreading of R. Sedler, “Nationality, domicile and the personal law in Ethiopia”, (1965) 2 Journal of Ethiopian Law 161, where the author deals briefly with the subject.

^{page 166 note 4} Interview with Mick Lidback reported in “Swedish reflections on adoption”, The Ethiopian Herald, November 11th, 1970, 2, col. 1.

^{page 166 note 5} Interview with Woz. Sophia Zacharias, cited supra, p. 160, n. 7.

^{page 166 note 6} Ibid.

^{page 166 note 7} Civ. C., art. 802.

^{page 166 note 8} Civ. C., arts. 204–211.

^{page 166 note 9} Ibid., arts. 212, 214.

^{page 167 note 1} Ibid., art. 214 (2). Such an appointment of Woz. Sophia Zacharias has apparently already occurred at Haile Sellassie I Foundation: Haile Sellassie I Foundation, Adoption File No. 5. 29 (18.9.56).

^{page 167 note 2} Civ. C., arts. 213, 214 (1).

^{page 167 note 3} Ibid., art. 215 (1).