¹ Sunday Nation, 10 July, 1994.

² As suggested by Jeffrey, Sachs, “Reforms can work in Africa”, Business News, Tanzania, 5 and 12 July, 1996.Google Scholar

³ Mazrui, A., Daily Nation, 4 August, 1994.Google Scholar

⁴ Proposed Action to Resolve the Debt Problem in Heavily Indebted Indebted Poor Countries, London, 1996.Google Scholar

⁵ Daily Nation, 2 June, 1994.

⁶ Ngai, Mbatau wa, “Is Africa capable of solving Burundi's woes?” Sunday Nation, 7 July, 1996Google Scholar, for a gloomy assessment of a possible OAU approved intervention.

⁷ FrontLines, USAID, June/July 1994.

⁸ Daily Nation, 16 December, 1994.

⁹ At a conference in Corruption in Africa held in Denmark in June 1996, the Danish Minister of Taxes is reported as talking of blacklisting African countries with a tradition of corruption: East African, 8–14 July, 1994.

¹⁰ The Independent, 24 May, 1994.

¹¹ Daily Nation, 19 July, 1994.

¹² Daily Nation, 15 December, 1994.

¹³ Two East African contrasts: Uganda's Inspector-General of Government, a constitutional post which has a mandate to tackle corruption and is supported by the Danish Government, and the decision by the governing party in Kenya to take control of the two Parliamentary Committees from the opposition—Public Accounts and Public Inverstments—which have produced some hard-hitting reports on corruption in Kenya. Daily Nation, 12 July, 1996.

¹⁴ See President Moi's comments about former U.S. ambassador Hempstone, made at an American Embassy 4 July party: Daily Nation, 5 July, 1996. For an alternative view see Daily Motion, 8 July, 1996 where an opposition MP stated that if it were not for pressure exerted on Kenya by Hempstone and friendly foreign governments “except Britain”, multi-party democracy would not have been achieved in Kenya.

¹⁵ It is ironic that the British Government has led the way in suspending aid following rigged elections since it was the British colonial authorities who led the way in rigging elections in Zanzibar in the 1960s.

¹⁶ Gérard, Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis 1959–1994: History of a Genocide, Kampala, 1995.Google Scholar

¹⁷ The Post, 18 July, 1994.

¹⁸ Development Cooperation, January/February 1994.

¹⁹ It may be noted that Marshall Plan conditionality concerned itself with political matters; the threat of withdrawal of Marshall Plan aid from the Netherlands was an important factor in that country's cessation of its attempt to re-impose colonial rule on Indonesia by military force.

²⁰ Rimmer, D. (ed.), Action in Africa, London, 1994, 150.Google Scholar

²¹ London, 1994.

²² The Urban Management Programme has produced, under an initiative started by me when I was the Convenor of the Programme, a very useful manual on Combating Municipal Malfeasance (aka corruption).