Hostname: page-component-5c6d5d7d68-thh2z Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-08-06T11:02:05.289Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Romantics, Stoics, and Martyrs in Seventeenth-Century China

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 March 2011

Frederic Wakeman Jr.
Get access

Abstract

The rigors of the transition from Ming to Qing imposed harrowing moral choices upon Chinese elites during the 1600s. Some chose to collaborate uneasily with their Manchu conquerors. Others remained loyal to the Ming, even after all hope was lost for a restoration in the South. Yet a third group transferred its support from the fallen dynasty to the rising one, becoming so fiercely attached to the new rulers that its members were willing to endure martyrdom rather than turn against the Manchus during the Rebellion of the Three Feudatories. Although such choices were often situational and not always mutually exclusive, they were associated in contemporaries' eyes with distinct aesthetic tastes, specific philosophical positions, and particular political commitments. This essay attempts to identify those distinctions in the biographical trajectories of several eminent seventeenth-century literati, scholar-officials, and military statesmen.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 43 , Issue 4 , August 1984 , pp. 631 - 665
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 1984

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

List of References

Analects. 1966. In Legge, James, The Chinese Classics, vol. 1. Taibei: Wenxing.Google Scholar
Masaru, Aoki. 1969. Qingdai wenxue pinglun shi [History of literary criticism during the Qing period]. Translated by Shunü, Chen. Taibei: Taiwan kaiming shudian.Google Scholar
Masaru, Aoki. 1975. Zhongguo jinshi xiju shi [History of modern Chinese drama]. 2 vols. Translated by Gulu, Wang. Hong Kong: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar
Atwell, William S. 1975a. “Ch'en Tzu-lung (1608–1647): A Scholar-Official of the Late Ming Dynasty.” Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University.Google Scholar
Atwell, William S. 1975b. “From Education to Politics: The Fushe.” In The Unfolding of NeoConfucianism, ed. de Bary, Wm. Theodore, pp. 333–65. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Aurelius, Marcus. 1906. Meditations. Translated by Jackson, John. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Baker, Herschel. 1947. The Image of Man. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Birch, Cyril. 1972. Anthology of Chinese Literature. Vol. 2: From the Fourteenth Century to the Present Day. New York: Grove.Google Scholar
Boethius, . 1962. The Consolation of Philosophy. Translated by Green, Richard. Indianapolis, Ind.: Bobbs-Merrill.Google Scholar
Cahill, James. 1983. “Types of Artist-Patron Transactions in Chinese Painting.” Mimeographed.Google Scholar
Xueqin, Cao. 1979. The Story of the Stone [Dream of the red chamber]. Vol. 1: The Golden Days. Translated by Hawkes, David. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Chang, Chun-shu, and Chang, Hsueh-lun. 1978. “K'ung Shang-jen and His T'aoHua Shan: A Dramatist's Reflections on the Ming-Ch'ing Dynastic Transition,” Journal of the Institute of Chinese Studies of the Chinese University of Hong Kong 9, no. 2:307–37.Google Scholar
Chapman, George. 1965. Bussy d'Ambois. London: Ernest Benn.Google Scholar
Ch'en, Shou-yi. 1961. Chinese Literature: A Historical Introduction. New York: Ronald Press.Google Scholar
Chow, Tse-tsung. 1964. The May Fourth Movement: Intellectual Revolution in Modern China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Ci hai [Sea of Words]. 1962. Taibei: Taiwan Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar
Zhicheng, Deng. 1955. Gudong suoji quanbian [Antiquarian fragments, complete edition]. Beijing: Sanlian shudian chuban.Google Scholar
Dennerline, Jerry. 1981. The Chia-ting Loyalists: Confucian Leadership and Social Change in Seventeenth-Century China. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epictetus, . 1910. Discourses. Translated by Carter, Elizabeth. London: J. M. Dent and Sons.Google Scholar
Er chen zhuan [Biographies of Ministers Who Served Both (the Ming and Qing) Dynasties]. 1780. Beijing.Google Scholar
Chengmo, Fan. 1973. Reprint of 1896 ed. Fan Zhongzhen gong quan ji [Complete works of Duke Fan Zhongzhen]. Taibei: Wenhai chubanshe.Google Scholar
Frye, Northrop. 1969. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. New York: Atheneum.Google Scholar
“Gao ming” [Patent of nobility]. In Ma shi jia pu [Ma family genealogy].Google Scholar
Wanli, Ge, comp. 1971. Reprint of 1917 ed. Qian Muzhai (Qianyi) xiansheng yishi ji nianpu [Chronological biography and recorded activities of Master Qian Muzhai (Qianyi)]. Reprinted in Jindai Zhongguo shiliao congkan [Printed collections of modern Chinese historical materials], ed. Yunlong, Shen. Vol. 701. Taibei: Wenhai chubanshe.Google Scholar
Giles, Herbert A. 1962. A Chinese Biographical Dictionary. Taibei: Literature house.Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving. 1974. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gongyang zhuan [The Gongyang Commentary]. 1959. In Gu zhu shisan jing [Ancient annotations of the thirteen classics]. Vol. 4. jiyao, Sibu ed. Taibei: Xinxing shuju.Google Scholar
Goodrich, Luther Carrington. 1934. The Literary Inquisition of Ch'ien-lung. Baltimore: Waverly.Google Scholar
Goodrich, Luther Carrington, and Fang, Chaoying. 1976. Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Yanwu, Gu. 1906? Tinglin xiansheng yishu huiji [A classified compilation of the extant writings of Master Tinglin]. Compiled by Zhu Jirong and Xi Wei. Shanghai: Zhushi Jiaojing shanfang cangban.Google Scholar
Yanwu, Gu. 1964. Sheng'an benji [Basic annals of Sheng'an]. Taiwan wenxian congkan, no. 183, pp. 1–30. Taibei: Bank of Taiwan.Google Scholar
Yanwu, Gu. 1966. Tinglin shi wenji [A collection of the prose and poetry of (Gu) Tinglin]. beiyao, Sibu ed. Taibei: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar
Yingtai, Gu. 1936. Ming shi jishi benmo [Narratives of Ming history from beginning to end]. Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan.Google Scholar
Gu zhu shisan jing [Ancient annotations of the thirteen classics]. 1959. jiyao, Sibu ed. Taibei: Xinxing shuju.Google Scholar
Shaoyu, Guo. 1975. Zhongguo wenxue piping shi [A history of Chinese literary criticism]. Taibei: Chengwen chubanshe.Google Scholar
Hawkes, David. 1974. “The Quest of the Goddess”. In Studies in Chinese Literary Genres, ed. Birch, Cyril, pp. 42–68. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhiji, He, ed. 1967. Reprint of 1877 ed. Anhui tongzhi [Provincial gazetteer of Anhui]. Taibei: Huawen Bookstore.Google Scholar
Hegel, Robert E. 1981. The Novel in Seventeenth-Century China. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Hezang muzhi ming [Memorial inscription at the grave of joint burial]. In Ma shi jia pu [Ma family genealogy].Google Scholar
Xingzu, Hong. 1966. Chu ci bu zhubu zhu [Supplementary notes on the Chu ci]. Taibei: Taiwan Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar
Hsü, Dau-lin. 1970–1971. “The Myth of the Five Human Relations' of Confucius.” Monumenta Serica, no. 29:27–37.Google Scholar
Qian, Hu, comp. 1891. Guangxi tongzhi [Gazetteer of Guangxi province]. Guilin: Guiyuan shuju.Google Scholar
Zhijun, Huang, comp. 1967. Reprint of 1737 ed. Jiangnan tongzhi [Provincial gazetteer of Jiangnan]. Taibei: Qinghua Book Co.Google Scholar
Zongxi, Huang. 1979. “Lunwen guanjian” [A narrow view of the essay]. In Zhongguo lidai wenlun xuan [Selection of successive generations of Chinese literary essays], comp. Guo Shaoyu. Vol. 3. Hong Kong: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar
Hummel, Arthur W. 1943. Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period (1644–1912). Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Jang, Scarlet. 1981. “Cheng Sui.” In Shadows of Mt. Huang: Chinese Painting and Printing of the Anhui School, ed. Cahill, James. Berkeley: University of California, University Art Museum.Google Scholar
Liuqi, Ji. 1963. Mingji nanlüe [A sketch of the southern (regimes) of the Ming dynasty]. Preface dated 1671. Taiwan wenxian congkan, no. 148. Taibei: Bank of Taiwan.Google Scholar
Yongren, Ji. 1931–1934. Xu li sao [Encountering sorrow, continued]. In Qing ren zaju chu ji [Collection of Qing drama, series one], ed. Zhenduo, Zheng. Vol. 2. Changle: Zheng shi yinxing.Google Scholar
Liangfu, Jiang. 1957. Qu Yuan fu jiao zhu [Comparative annotations of Qu Yuan's verse]. Beijing: Renmin wenxue chubanshe.Google Scholar
Shiquan, Jiang. 1923a. Guilin shuang [Guilin frost]. In his Jiang Shiquan jiu zhong qu [Nine dramas by Jiang Shiquan]. Juan xia. Facsimile of the 1774 lou, Hongxue ed. Shanghai: Chaoji shuzhuang.Google Scholar
Shiquan, Jiang. 1923b. “Zi xu” [Author's preface]. In his Jiang Shiquan jiu zhong qu [Nine dramas by Jiang Shiquan]. Ce 9. Facsimile of the 1774 lou, Hongxue ed. Shanghai: Chaoji shuzhuang.Google Scholar
Shang-jen, K'ung. 1976. The Peach Blossom Fan [T'ao-hua-shan]. Translated by Shih-hsiang, Chen and Acton, Harold, with the collaboration of Cyril Birch. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laing, Ellen Johnston. 1976. “Wen Tien and Chin Chün-ming.” Journal of the Institute of Chinese Studies of the Chinese University of Hong Kong 7, no. 2:411–22.Google Scholar
Langlois, John D. Jr. 1973. “Ku Ssu-li, the Yuan-shih-hsuan, and Loyalism in Late Seventeenth-Century China.” Seminar paper, Princeton University.Google Scholar
Langlois, John D. Jr. 1980. “Chinese Culturalism and the Yuan Analogy: Seventeenth-Century Perspectives.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 40:355–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Leo Ou-fan. 1973. The Romantic Generation of Modern Chinese Writers. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Legge, James. 1966. The Chinese Classics. 5 vols. Taibei: Wenxing.Google Scholar
Qing, Li. 1913. Sanyuan biji [Historical notes covering the years 1637–1645]. In Guxue huikan [Sinological compilations]. Series 1, ce 2–4. Shanghai: Guocui xuebao.Google Scholar
Yu, Li. 1730. “Ji Fujian Jingnan zongdu Fan Jingong xiansheng wen” [Funeral ode to the Fujian pacifier of difficulties, Governor-General Fan Jingong]. In his Li Weng yijia yan quan ji [Complete collection of the whole-family words of Li Weng (Li Yu)]. Juan 1. Jiezi yuan ed.Google Scholar
Yu, Li. 1979a. “Ming ci xuansheng xu” [Preface to Famous lyrics on visiting scenic places]. In Qingdai wenxue piping ziliao huibian [Collection of materials on Qing literary criticism], comp. Wu Hongyi and Ye Chongbing. Vol. 1. Taibei: Chengwen chubanshe.Google Scholar
Yu, Li. 1979b. “Xiangcao ting chuanqi xu” [Preface to the play Eupatory Pavilion]. In Wu Hongyi and Ye Chongbing, comps.Google Scholar
Dajie, Liu. 1958. Zhongguo wenxue fazhan shi [History of the development of Chinese literature]. Shanghai: Gudian wenxue chubanshe.Google Scholar
Liu, James J. Y. 1974. “Some Literary Qualities of the Lyric (Tz'u).” In Studies in Chinese Literary Genres, ed. Birch, Cyril, pp. 133–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shengmu, Liu. 1929. Changchu zhai suibi [Notes from the carambola studio]. In his Zhijie tang congke [Collected engravings from Zhijie Hall]. N.p.Google Scholar
Zhenyu, Luo, comp. 1919. Wan Nianshao xiansheng nianpu [Biography of Master Wan Nianshao]. N.p.Google Scholar
Lynn, Richard John. 1975. “Orthodoxy and Enlightenment: Wang Shih-chen's Theory of Poetry and Its Antecedents.” In The Unfolding of Neo-Confucianism, ed. de Bary, Wm. Theodore, pp. 217–69.Google Scholar
Daoyuan, Ma. 1935. Wu Meicun nianpu [Chronological biography of Wu Meicun (Weiye)]. Shanghai: Commercial Press.Google Scholar
Ma shi jia pu [Ma family genealogy]. Ca. 1720. N.p. U.S. Library of manuscript Orien China 424.Google Scholar
“Ma Wenyi gong zhuan [Biography of Duke Ma Wenyi (Xiongzhen)].” In Shiquan, Jiang, Jiang Shiquan jiu zhong qu [Nine dramas by Jiang Shiquan]. Ce 9. Facsimile of the 1774 Hongxue lou ed. Shanghai: Chaoji Shuzhuang.Google Scholar
Mao, P'i-chiang. 1931. The Reminiscences of Tung Hsiao-wan. Trans. Tze-yen, Pan. Shanghai: Commercial Press.Google Scholar
Mencius. In Legge (1966), vol. 2.Google Scholar
Tetsuji, Morohashi, comp. 1966. Dai Kan-Wa jiten [Greater Chinese-Japanese Dictionary]. Tokyo: Taishukan shoten.Google Scholar
Murck, Christian. 1978. “Chu Yun-ming (1461–1527) and Cultural Commitment in Suchou.” Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University.Google Scholar
Nanming shiliao [Historical materials on the Southern Ming]. 1963. Taiwan wenxian congkan, no. 169. Taibei: Bank of Taiwan.Google Scholar
“Notices of Eminent Statesmen of the Present Dynasty (excerpts).” The China Review 19 (1880–1881):95–99.Google Scholar
Peterson, Willard J. 1968. “The Life of Ku Yen-wu,” part 1. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 28:114–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, Willard J. 1979. Bitter Gourd: Fang I-chih and the Impetus for Intellectual Change. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Pirazzoli, Michele, and Ching-lang, Hou. 1973. “Un Rouleau de Wan Shouqi: une peinture pour un poème” [A scroll by Wan Shouqi: A painting for a poem]. La Revue du Louvre et des musées de France 3:157–60.Google Scholar
Jibo, Qian. 1935. Mingdai wenxue [Literature of the Ming period]. Shanghai: Shangwu yinshuguan.Google Scholar
Qianyi, Qian. 1979a. “Da Shanyin Xu Baitiao shu” [Letter in response to Shanyin's Xu Baitiao]. In Wu Hongyi and Ye Chongbing, comps.Google Scholar
Qianyi, Qian. 1979b. “Liu Sikong shi ji xu” [Preface to a collection of lyrics by Liu Sikong]. In Zhongguo lidai wenlun xuan [Selection of successive generations of Chinese literary essays], comp. Guo Shaoyu. Vol. 2. Hong Kong: Zhonghua Shuju.Google Scholar
Qianyi, Qian. 1979c. “Zhou Yuanliang Laigu tang he ke xu” [Preface to the joint printing of Zhou Yuanliang's Laigu Hall]. In Zhongguo lidai wenlun xuan [Selection of successive generations of Chinese literary essays], comp. Guo Shaoyu. Vol. 3. Hong Kong: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar
Schneider, Laurence A. 1980. A Madman of Ch'u: The Chinese Myth of Loyalty and Dissent. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Shen, Fu. 1976. “An Aspect of Mid-Seventeenth Century Chinese Painting: The ‘Dry Linear’ Style and the Early Work of Tao Chi.” Journal of the Institute of Chinese Studies of the Chinese University of Hong Kong 7, no. 2:604–17.Google Scholar
Jin, Shi. 1972. “Gu Yanwu jingshi sixiang de jiexian” [The limits of Gu Yanwu's political and social thought]. Shi yuan 3 (September 10).Google Scholar
Spence, Jonathan D. 1966. Ts'ao Yin and the K'ang-hsi Emperor: Bondservant and Master. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Spence, Jonathan D., and Wills, John E. Jr., eds. 1979. From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, Region and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century China. New Haven Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Strassberg, Richard E. 1978. “K'ung Shang-jen and the K'ang-hsi Emperor.” Ch'ing-shih wen-t'i 3, no. 9 (November): 31–75.Google Scholar
Struve, Lynn. 1976. “The Peach Blossom Fan as Historical Drama.”Paper presented to the National Endowment for the Humanities seminar on Chinese Literature and Comparative Perspectives,Stanford University, June-August.Google Scholar
Xuelin, Su. 1970. Zhongguo wenxue shi [History of Chinese literature]. Taizhong: Guangqi chubanshe.Google Scholar
Kekuan, Sun. 1974. “Wu Meicun beixing qianhou shi” [The poetry of Wu Meicun (Weiye) before and after his journey north]. Guoli zhongyang tushuguan guankan [National Central Library Journal] 7, no. 1 (March):3–13.Google Scholar
Qian, Tan. 1958. Guo que [An evaluation of the events of our dynasty]. Beijing: Guji chubanshe.Google Scholar
Tang, Chün-i. 1975. “Liu Tsung-chou's Doctrine of Moral Mind and Practice and His Critique of Wang Yang-ming.” In The Unfolding of Neo-Confucianism, ed. de Bary, Wm. Theodore, pp. 305–31.Google Scholar
Wakeman, Frederic Jr. 1975. “Localism and Loyalism During the Ch'ing Conquest of Kiangnan: The Tragedy of Chiang-yin.” In Conflict and Control in Late Imperial China, ed. Wakeman, Frederic Jr. and Grant, Carolyn, pp. 43–85. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Wakeman, Frederic Jr. 1979. “The Shun Interregnum of 1644.” In Spence and Wills (1979), pp. 39–87.Google Scholar
Shouqi, Wan. 1967. Xi xi cao tang ji [Collection from the grass lodge west of the marshes]. In Xuzhou er yimin ji [The collected writings of two remnants from Xuzhou]. Taibei: Wenhai.Google Scholar
Watson, Burton. 1971. Chinese Lyricism: Shih Poetry from the Second to the Twelfth Century. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Hongyi, Wu and Chongbing, Ye, comps. 1979. Qingdai wenxue piping ziliao huibian [Collection of materials on Qing literary criticism]. Vol. 1. Taibei: Chengwen chubanshe.Google Scholar
Wu, Silas H. L. 1970. Communication and Imperial Control in China: Evolution of the Palace Memorial System, 1693–1735. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiye, Wu. 1966. Wushi jilan [Collected readings of the poetry of Wu]. Annotated by Jin Rongfan. Taibei: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar
Weiye, Wu. 1979a. “Yan Xiuren yiya tang ji xu” [Preface to a collection from the lodge of fitting refinement by Yan Xiuren]. In Wu Hongyi and Ye Chongbing, comps.Google Scholar
Weiye, Wu. 1979b. “Guwen huichao xu” [Preface to a compilation of ancient prose writings]. In Wu Hongyi and Ye Chongbing, comps.Google Scholar
Weiye, Wu. 1979c. “Zhi fu she zhu zi shu” [Letter to all of the gentlemen in the sincerity society]. In Wu Hongyi and Ye Chongbing, comps.Google Scholar
Weiye, Wu. 1979d. “Yu Song Shangmu lun shi shu” [Letter to Song Shangmu discussing poetry]. In Wu Hongyi and Ye Chongbing, comps.Google Scholar
Guozhen, Xie. 1957. Nanming shilüe [Outline history of the Southern Ming]. Shanghai: Renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Guozhen, Xie. 1969. Gu Ningren xuepu [A scholarly treatise on Gu Ningren (Yanwu)]. Taibei: Commercial Press.Google Scholar
Guozhen, Xie. 1982. Mingmo Qingchu de xuefeng [Intellectual styles of the late Ming and early Qing]. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Xunzi jianzhu [Xunzi simply annotated]. 1974. Annotated by Zhang Shitong. Shanghai: Renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Ermei, Yan. 1967. Baichun shan ren ji [Collection of the man from White Spring Mountain]. In Xuzhou er yimin ji [The collected writings of two remnants from Xuzhou]. Taibei: Wenhai.Google Scholar
Yoshikawa, Kojiro. 1970. “Political Disengagement in Seventeenth-Century Chinese Literature.”Paper presented to the American Council of Learned Societies Conference on Seventeenth Century Chinese Thought,Asilomar, Calif.,September 6–12.Google Scholar
“Yu jiwen” [Imperial funeral ode]. In Ma shi jia pu.Google Scholar
Jixian, Yuan. 1915–1920. Xunyang jishi [Account of the events at Xunyang]. In Yuzhang congshu [Jiangxi collectanea], comp. Hu Sijing. Vol. 44. Nanchang.Google Scholar
Lüxiang, Zhang. 1871. Chongding Yangyuan xiansheng quanji [Revised edition of the complete works of Master Yangyuan]. N.p.Google Scholar
Mu, Zhang. 1937. Gu Tinglin xiansheng nianpu [A chronological biography of Master Gu Tinglin (Yanwu)]. Shanghai: Commercial Press.Google Scholar
Sanli, Zhang. 1923. “Xu” [Preface]. In Jiang Shiquan, Jiang Shiquan jiu zhong qu [Nine dramas by Jiang Shiquan]. Ce 9. Facsimile of the 1774 lou, Hongxue ed. Shanghai: Chaoji shuzhuang.Google Scholar
Tingyu, Zhang et al. , comps. 1962–1963. Ming shi [History of the Ming]. Yangmingshan: Guofang yanjiuyuan.Google Scholar
Zongxiang, Zhang. 1972. Qingdai wenxue [Qing literature]. Hong Kong: Shangwu yinshuguan.Google Scholar
Ersun, Zhao, ed. 1927. Qing shi gao [Draft history of the Qing]. Beijing: Qing History Office.Google Scholar
Zhenduo, Zheng. 1931–1934. “Hou” [Postscript (to Xu li sao)]. In Qing ren zaju chuji [Collection of Qing drama, series one], ed. Zhenduo, Zheng. Vol. 2. Changle: Zheng shi yinxing.Google Scholar
Shiyong, Zhou. 1644. Xing chao zhi tie [Political summaries of the restored dynasty]. N.p.Google Scholar
Dongrun, Zhu. 1944. Zhongguo wenxue piping shi dagang [An historical outline of Chinese literary criticism]. Shanghai: Kaiming shudian.Google Scholar
Tan, Zhu. 1930. “Mingji nan Yingshe kao” [Notes on the southern Yingshe during the later part of the Ming dynasty]. Guoxue jikan [Journal of sinological studies] 2, no. 3:541–88.Google Scholar
Xi, Zhu, comp. 1959. Si shu ji zhu [Collected glosses on the Four Books]. Taibei: Yiwen yinshuguan.Google Scholar
Erkan, Zhuo, comp. 1960. Ming yimin shi [Poetry of Ming remnants]. Shanghai: Zhonghua shuju.Google Scholar