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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 March 2011
In a recent essay on “Some Mid-Ch'ing Views of the Monarchy,” Harold Kahn announced that he was moving past “the one-dimensional, simple cliché” and “the two-dimensional, complex stereotype” to add a third dimension so that he could show Ch'ien-lung as “a composite figure made up of several images.” Talk of three dimensions immediately prompts any healthy layman to try to add a fourth: to the three spatial dimensions which are historiographical, perhaps we can add a fourth dimension of time which is more positively historical.
1 JAS, XXIV (1965), 229–43Google Scholar. Citations from p. 229.
2 Act 2, scene 7 “Another part of the forest,” lines 139–66.
3 Much of the general outline below is taken from the biography of K'ang-hsi (Hsüan-yeh) by Fang Chao-ying in Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period, ed. Hummel, Arthur W., 2 vols. (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943–44), I, 327–31, and from related biographies in the same work.Google Scholar
4 Ch'ing-shih lieh-chuan, 80 chüan in 10 vols. (Taipei, 1962 reprint), 4.3b–4. Ch'ing-shih, 8 vols. (Taipei, 1961), V, 3494(2). Eminent Chinese, II, 796.
5 Pa-ch'i Man-chou shih-tsu t'ung-p'u [Genealogy of the Manchu Clans in the Eight Banners], 80 chüan (1745), 74.8b for Ts'ao Hsi. Chou Ju-ch'ang, Hung-lou meng hsin-cheng [New Studies on the Dream of the Red Chamber] (Shanghai, 1953), pp. 42, 205, 229, 319, on rewards to Sun. “Ch'ing K'ang-hsi chu-p'i yü-chih” [Vermilion Endorsements of the K'ang-hsi Emperor] in Wen-hsien ts'ung-pien, 2 vols. (Taipei, 1964 reprint), I, 290–302, for Ts'ao Yin as agent.
6 Ta-Ch'ing Sheng-tsu Jen huang-ti shih-lu [Veritable Records of the K'ang-hsi Reign], 300 chüan in 6 vols. (Taipei, 1964 reprint), pp. 43–44, 1572.
7 For printed examples of errors through dropped radicals or incorrect homophones, cf. “Su-chou chih-tsao Li Hsü tsou-che” [The Palace Memorials of the Soochow Textile Commissioner Li Hsü], in Wen-hsien ts'ung-pien, II, 855 and 862.
8 Ta-Ch'ing Shih-tsu Chang huang-ti shih-lu [Veritable Records of the Shun-chih Reign], 144 chüan in 3 vols. (Taipei, 1964 reprint), pp. 1695–97.
9 Ch'ing-shih, V, 3496(2).
10 Ibid., p. 3495(6). Ta-Ch'ing Shih-tsung Hsien huang-ti shih-lu [Veritable Records of the Yung-cheng Reign], 159 chüan in 3 vols. (Taipei, 1964 reprint), p. 1.
11 For an interesting and unstereotyped presentation of his prowess at archery, cf. K'ang-hsi shih-lu, P. 2587.
12 Short summaries of the tours are in Ch'in-ting ta-Ch'ing hui-tien shih-li [The Collected Statutes and Precedents of the Ch'ing Dynasty], 1220 chüan, 1899 (Taipei, 1963 reprint in 19 vols.), pp. 9261, 9233–41. Fuller accounts are in the K'ang-hsi shih-lu.
13 Joseph Sebes, S.J., The Jesuits and the Sino-Russian Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) (Rome, 1961)Google Scholar. Lettres édifiantes et curieuses, écrites des missions étrangères (nouvelle édition, Paris, 1781), XVII, 306–10Google Scholar, on quinine. Sheng-tsu wu-hsing Chiang-nan ch'üan-lu [A Complete Record of the K'ang-hsi Emperor's Fifth Southern Tour], anon., printed in Chen-ch'i fang ts'ung-shu, 1st Series, corroborates Jesuit accounts, and gives invaluable extra detail on the 1705 tour to supplement the K'ang-hsi shih-lu.
14 As in the case of the exemplary scholar Chang Po-hsing, who was plucked from comparative obscurity by K'ang-hsi and became Kiangsu governor. In this post he was involved in a major scandal, and finally became deranged, recovering only when K'ang-hsi promoted him sideways to a literary position. I am now engaged in a detailed study of his career.
15 Wen-hsien ts'ung-pien, I, 294, interlinear endorsement to Ts'ao Yin's memorial dated K'ang-his 43/11/22.
16 As in the great examination-hall scandal of 1711–12. Cf. memorials by Ts'ao Yin and Li Hsü in Wen-hsien ts'ung-pien, I, 291–93, and II, 867–72; and K'ang-hsi shih-lu, pp. 3306–58.
17 The development of K'ang-hsi's personal power through the use of bondservants in key positions is one theme in my book Ts'ao Yin and the K'ang-hsi Emperor, Bondservant and Master (New Haven, 1966).
18 Chang P'eng-ko's humiliation is described in K'ang-hsi shih-lu, pp. 3051–57. For de Tournon, cf. Francis A. Rouleau, S.J., “Maillard de Tournon, Papal Legate at the Court of Peking,” Archivum Historicum Societatis lesu, 31 (1962), 264–323, especially the Appendix (312–21).Google Scholar
19 K'ang-hsi shih-lu, p. 3533. Wen-hsicn ts'ung-pien, II, 896, 898–99. Ch'ang-ku ts'ung-pien, (Taipei, 1964 reprint), p. 210.
20 K'ang-hsi shih-lu, pp. 3969, 3977–78.
21 Yang-chou shih-jih chi; translations of this work are listed in Eminent Chinese, p. 652.
