Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T04:11:41.978Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Cosmopolitan Vernacular

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 March 2010

Sheldon Pollock
Get access

Extract

Throughout southern asia at different times Starting around 1000, but in most places by 1500, writers turned to the use of local languages for literary expression in preference to the translocal language that had dominated literary expression for the previous thousand years. This development constitutes at the level of culture the single most significant transformation in the region between the creation of one cosmopolitan order at the beginning of the first millennium and another and far different one—through colonialism and globalization—at the end of the second.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 57 , Issue 1 , February 1998 , pp. 6 - 37
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

List of References

Karnātaka Kavirājamārgam. 1973. Edited by Rao, A. Venkata and Aiyangar, H. Sesha. 2d ed. Kannada Series. Madras: University of Madras (Kannada Series). (KRM)Google Scholar
Kavirājamārgam. 1983. Edited by Krishnamoorthy, K.. Bangalore: IBH; ed. Ramiah, M. V. Seetha. Bangalore: Karnataka Sangha, 1968, reprint 1994; ed. Ramiah, M. V. Seetha, Mysore: D.V.K. Murthy, 1975, revised ed.Google Scholar
Kāvyāvalokanam. 1967. Edited by Narasimhachar, R.. 3d ed. Mysore: University of Mysore.Google Scholar
Pampa Bhāratam emba Vikramārjunavijayam. [1926] 1990. Edited by Venkatanaranappa. Mysore: University of Mysore Press. Reprint Bangalore: Directorate of Kannada and Culture. (VAV)Google Scholar
Śabdamanidarpana of Keśirdja. 1994. Edited by Sastry, T. V. Venkatachala. Bangalore: Directorate of Kannada and Culture.Google Scholar
Ādipurāna of Jinasena. 1993. Edited by Pannalal Jain. 4th ed. New Delhi: Bharatiya Jnanapith.Google Scholar
El. Epigraphia IndicaGoogle Scholar
Gaüdavaho of Vākpatirāja. Edited by Suru, N. G.. Ahmedabad: Prakrit Text Society.Google Scholar
Kāvydlarikdra of Bhāmaha.. 1981. Edited by Batuk Nath Sarma and Baldeva Upadhyaya. 2d. ed. Varansi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan.Google Scholar
Kāvyalaksanam [ = Kāvyādarśa]. 1957. Edited by Anantalal Thakur and Upendra Jha. Darbhanga: Mithila Institute. (KĀ)Google Scholar
Kāvyālakāra of Rudrata. 1928. Edited by Pt. Durgaprasad and Wasudev Laksman Shastri Panshikar. Bombay: Nirnaya Sagar Press.Google Scholar
Kāvyāiankārasūtra and Vrtti of Vāmana. 1908. Edited by Ratna Gopal Bhatta. Benares: Vidya Vilas Press.Google Scholar
Kāvyamīmāmsā of Rājaśekhara. 1934. Edited by Dalai, C. D. et al. 3d ed. Baroda: Oriental Institute.Google Scholar
Kāvyānuśāsanam of Hemacandra. 1964. Edited by Parikh, Rasiklal C. and Kulkarni, V. M.. 2d ed. Bombay: Sri Mahavira Jaina Vidyalaya.Google Scholar
Śākatāyanavyākaranam svopajnāmoghavrttisamalankrtam. 1971. Edited by Sambhunatha Tripathi. Delhi: Bharatiya Jnanapitha Prakasana.Google Scholar
Sarasvatīkanthābharanālankāra. 1979. Edited by Biswanath Bhattacharya. Varanasi: Varanasi Hindu University.Google Scholar
Śngāraprakāśa. Forthcoming. Edited by Raghavan, V.. Harvard Oriental Series. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. (ŚP)Google Scholar
Subhāsitaratnakośa of Vidyākara. 1957. Edited by Kosambi, D. D. and Gokhale, V. V.. Harvard Oriental Series 42. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Vakroktijívita of Kuntaka. 1977. Edited by Krishnamoorthy, K.. Dharwar: Karnatak University Press.Google Scholar
Vikramānkadevacarita of Bilhana. 1964. Edited by Vishwanath Shastri Bharadwaj. Varanasi: Samskrit Sahitya Research Committee of the Banaras Hindu University.Secondary SourcesGoogle Scholar
Altekar, , Sadashiv, Anant. 1960a. Rāshtrakūtas and Their Times. Poona: Oriental Book Agency.Google Scholar
Altekar, , Sadashiv, Anant. 1960b. “The Rāshtrakūtas.” In The Early History of the Deccan, Edited by Yazdani, G.. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bakhtin, M. M. 1981. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Balibar, Etienne, and Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1991. Classes, Nations, States. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
ChidanandaMurti, M. Murti, M. 1978. “Kannada Language and Literature during the Chalukyas of Badami (c. 540–750 A.D.).” In The Chalukyas ofBadami, edited by M. S. Nagaraja Rao. Bangalore: Mythic Society.Google Scholar
Dundas, Paul. 1996. “Jain Attitudes towards the Sanskrit Language.” In The Ideology and Status of Sanskrit, edited by Jan Houben, E. M.. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Duverger, , Maurice, . 1980. Le Concept d'Empire. Paris: PUF.Google Scholar
Fabian, , Johannes, . 1986. Language and Colonial Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gopal, B. R., ed. 1994. The Rashtrakutas of Malkhed. Bangalore: Mythic Society.Google Scholar
Hardy, , Friedhelm, . 1994. “Creative Corruption: Some Comments on Apabhramśa Literature, Particularly Yogīndu.” In Studies in South Asian Devotional Literature: Research Papers, 1988–91, edited by Entwistle, Alan W. and Mallison, FrançOise. New Delhi: Manohar; Paris: École Française d'Extrême-Orient.Google Scholar
Heidgger, , Martin, . 1960. Der Ursprung des Kunstwerkes. Stuttgart: Reclam.Google Scholar
Inden, , Ronald, . 1990. Imagining India. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Jones, A. H. M. 1964. The Later Roman Empire. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Kaviraj, , Sudipta, . 1992a. “Writing, Speaking, Being: Language and the Historical Formation of Identities in India.” In Nationalstaat und Sprachkonflikt in Süd- und Südostasien, edited by Dagmar Hellmann-Rajanayagam and Dietmar Rothermund. Stuttgart: Steiner.Google Scholar
Kaviraj, , Sudipta, . 1992b. “The Imaginary Institution of India.” In Subaltern Studies VII: Writings on South Asian History and Society, edited by Partha Chatterjee and Gyanendra Pandey. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kulke, , Hermann, . 1990. “Indian Colonies, Indianization or Cultural Convergence: Reflections on the Changing Image of India's Role in South-East Asia.” Semaian 3: 8–32.Google Scholar
Kulke, , Hermann, . 1993- Kings and Cults: State Formation and Legitimation in India and Southeast Asia. New Delhi: Manohar.Google Scholar
Kulke, , Hermann, , ed. 1995. The State in India: 1000–1700. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lacapra, , Dominick, . 1983. Rethinking Intellectual History: Texts, Contexts, Language. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Lefort, , Claude, . 1986. The Political Forms of Modern Society. Edited by Thompson, John B.. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Lombard, , Denys, . 1990. Le Carrefour javanais, essai d'histoire globale. III: L'héritage des royaumes concentriques. Paris: Éditions de l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales.Google Scholar
Mair, , Victor, H., and Mei, Tsu-Lin. 1991. “The Sanskrit Origins of Recent Style Prosody.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 51(2): 375–470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masica, , Colin, . 1991. The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Macmullen, , Ramsay, . 1990. Changes in the Roman Empire: Essays in the Ordinary. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mcgregor, R. S. 1984. Hindi Literature from its Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century. Vol. 8, fasc. 6. A History of Indian Literature. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Mcgregor, R. S.. n.d. “Visnudās (AD 15c) and his Rāmāyana-kathā.”Google Scholar
Nagaraj, D. R. 1996. Sāhitya Kathana. (In Kannada.) Heggodu: Akshara Prakashana.Google Scholar
Narasimhacharya, R. 1934. History of Kannada Language. Mysore: University of Mysore.Google Scholar
Narasimhacharya, R. 1971. Pampabhāratadāpike. (In Kannada.) Mysore: University of Mysore Press.Google Scholar
Pollock, , Sheldon, . 1995. “Literary History, Indian History, World History.” Social Scientist 23 (10–12): 112–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollock, , Sheldoon, . 1996. “The Sanskrit Cosmopolis, 300–1300: Transculturation, Vernacularization, and the Question of Ideology.” In The Ideology and Status of Sanskrit, Edited by Jan, E. M. Houben. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Pollock, , Sheldon, . forthcoming. “India in the Vernacular Millennium: Literary Culture and Polity 1000–1500.” In Collective Identities and Political Order, edited by Shmuel Eisenstadt et al. Special Issue of Daedalus.Google Scholar
Pred, , Allan, . 1995. “Out of Bounds and Undisciplined: Social Inquiry and the Current Moment of Danger.” Social Research 62(4): 1065–91.Google Scholar
Raghavan, V. 1963. Bhoja's Śrngāra Prakāsa. 2d ed. Madras: Punarvasu.Google Scholar
Reid, , Anthony, . 1990. “An ‘Age of Commerce’ in Southeast Asian History.” Modern Asian Studies 24(01): 1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sahlins, , Marshall, . 1988. “Cosmologies of Capitalism: The Trans-Pacific Sector of the World System.” Proceedings of the British Academy 74: 1–51.Google Scholar
Scharfe, , Hartmut, . 1977. Grammatical Literature. Vol. 5, fasc. 2. A History of Indian Literature. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Scott, , James, . 1990. Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Segal, , Jeffrey, , ed. 1993. International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Vol. 99. Special number on koinés.Google Scholar
Shackle, , Christopher, . 1993. “Early Vernacular Poetry in the Indus Valley: Its Contexts and its Character.” In Islam and Indian Regions, Edited by Dallapiccola, Anna Libera and Lallemant, Stephanie Zingel-Avé. Vol. 1. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar
Shulman, , David, . 1993. “Remaking a Purāna. The Rescue of Gajendra in Potana's Telugu Mahābhāgavatamu.” In Purāna Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jain Texts, Edited by Doniger, Wendy. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Snell, , Rupert, . 1991. The Hindi Classical Tradition: A Braj Bhāsā Reader. London: University of London School of Oriental and African Studies.Google Scholar
Swamy, B. G. L. 1975. “The Date of the Tolkāppiyam: A Retrospect.” Annals of Oriental Research (Madras), Silver Jubilee Volume: 292–317.Google Scholar
Tarling, , Nicholas, , ed. 1992. The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia. Vol. l: From Early Times to c. 1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Terwiel, B. J. 1996. “The Introduction of Indian Prosody among the Thais.” In The Ideology and Status of Sanskrit, Edited by Houben, Jan E. M.. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Wagoner, , Philip, . 1996. “‘Sultan among Hindu Kings’ Dress, Titles, and the Islamicization of Hindu Culture at Vijayanagara.” Journal of Asian Studies 55(4): 851–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallerstein, , Immanuel, . 1991. Geopolitics and Geoculture: Essays on the Changing World-System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wolters, O. W. 1982. History, Culture, and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Zumthor, , Paul, . 1987. La lettre et la voix: de la “litteWature” médievale. Paris: Seuile.Google Scholar
Zvelebil, , Kamil, . 1992. Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar