Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T16:53:42.037Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Cleansing and Clarifying: Technology and Perception in Nineteenth-Century London

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 December 2012

Christopher Otter
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of British Studies , Volume 43 , Issue 1: Transforming Metropolitan London, 1750–1960 , January 2004 , pp. 40 - 64
Copyright
Copyright © North American Conference of British Studies 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 “The Incorporated Association of Municipal and County Engineers,” Engineering (3 July 1891): 20.

2 For Ferranti, see Hughes, Thomas, Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880–1930 (London, 1983), pp. 227–61Google Scholar.

3 I borrow this term from Pickering, Andrew, The Mangle of Practice: Time, Agency and Science (London, 1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

4 Borgmann, Albert, Technology and the Character of Contemporary Life: A Philosophical Enquiry (Chicago, 1984)Google Scholar; Feenberg, Andrew, Questioning Technology (London, 1999)Google Scholar; Giedion, Siegfried, Mechanization Takes Command: A Contribution to Anonymous History (New York, 1948)Google Scholar.

5 See also Nead, Lynda, Victorian Babylon: People, Streets and Images in Nineteenth-Century London (New Haven, Conn., 2000)Google Scholar.

6 Mort, Frank, Dangerous Sexualities: Medico-Moral Politics in England since 1830 (London, 1983)Google Scholar; Wohl, Anthony, Endangered Lives: Public Health in Victorian Britain (London, 1983)Google Scholar; Worboys, Michael, Spreading Germs: Disease Theories and Medical Practices in Britain, 1865–1900 (Cambridge, 2000)Google Scholar.

7 Cited in Briggs, Asa, Victorian Cities (London, 1963), p. 333 Google Scholar.

8 “Labourers' Dwellings Improvement Act, 1875, to Some of the Courts and Alleys of the Metropolis,” Builder 35 (19 May 1877): 508–10, 510Google Scholar.

9 Joyce, Patrick, The Rule of Freedom: Liberalism and the Modern City (London, 2003)Google Scholar; Dean, Mitchell, Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modern Society (London, 1999), pp. 113–30Google Scholar.

10 Crary, Jonathan, Techniques of the Observer: On Vision and Modernity in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1990), p. 11 Google Scholar.

11 See Daunton, Martin, House and Home in the Victorian City: Working Class Housing, 1850–1914 (London, 1983), pp. 11–59 Google Scholar.

12 Crary, Jonathan, Suspensions of Perception: Attention, Spectacle and Modern Culture (London, 1999)Google Scholar.

13 Elias, Norbert, The Civilizing Process, trans. Edmund Jephcott (Oxford, 1982)Google Scholar.

14 See, e.g., Stallybrass, Peter and White, Allon, The Politics and Poetics of Transgression (Ithaca, N.Y., 1986)Google Scholar.

15 The play of negative and positive freedom was classically elaborated by Berlin, Isaiah, “Two Concepts of Liberty,” in his Four Essays on Liberty (Oxford, 1969), pp. 118–72Google Scholar.

16 “Markets in London and Paris,” Builder 64 (28 April 1883): 564 Google Scholar.

17 Cited in Giedion, Mechanization Takes Command, p. 209.

18 See also Joyce, Rule of Freedom, pp. 77–88.

19 Cited in Dodd, George, The Food of London (London, 1856), p. 255 Google Scholar.

20 Ibid., p. 229.

21 See Perren, Richard, The Meat Trade in Britain, 1840–1914 (London, 1978), pp. 36–41 Google Scholar.

22 See Thomas, Keith, Man and the Natural World: Changing Attitudes in England, 1500–1800 (Oxford, 1983), esp. pp. 143–91Google Scholar.

23 Ritvo, Harriet, The Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age (Cambridge, Mass., 1987), pp. 127–66Google Scholar.

24 Dudfield, T. O., London Slaughter-Houses and Cow-Sheds (London, 1876), p. 9 Google Scholar.

25 Haweis, M. E., “Cattle Ships and Abattoirs,” Westminster Review 143 (1895): 678–85, 678Google Scholar.

26 Oldfield, Josiah, The Evils of Butchery (London, 1895), p. 13 Google Scholar.

27 Galsworthy, John, The Slaughter of Animals for Food (London, 1913), p. 7 Google Scholar.

28 Blyth, Alexander Winter, A Manual of Public Health and Hygiene (London, 1890), p. 264 Google Scholar.

29 “London Private Slaughter-Houses,” Sanitary Record 1 (19 December 1874): 436 Google Scholar.

30 Ayling, R. Stephen, Public Abattoirs: Their Planning, Design and Equipment (London, 1908), p. 13 Google Scholar.

31 Cited in Ibid., p. 9.

32 For example, Douglas, Mary, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (London, 1966)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Latour, Bruno, We Have Never Been Modern, trans. Porter, Catherine (Cambridge, Mass., 1993)Google Scholar.

33 Mill, J. S., The Subjection of Women (Arlington Heights, Ill., 1980), p. 66 Google Scholar.

34 See also Philo, Chris, “Animals, Geography and the City: Notes on Exclusions and Inclusions,” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 1, no. 3 (1995): 655–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

35 Dodd, Food of London, p. 256.

36 “Unlicensed Slaughterhouses,” Lancet (26 September 1874): 468.

37 Cited in Passingham, W. J., London's Markets: Their Origin and History (London, 1935), p. 11 Google Scholar.

38 “Cruelty and Its Pathological Effects,” Lancet (8 March 1873): 354.

39 “The City Slaughter-Houses and the Proposed By-Laws,” Sanitary Record 5 (8 July 1876): 21–22 Google Scholar.

40 Cited in Halliday, Stephen, The Great Stink of London: Sir Joseph Bazalgette and the Cleansing of the Victorian Capital (London, 1999), p. 135 Google ScholarPubMed.

41 Cited in Blyth, Manual, pp. 256–57.

42 See also Miller, William, Anatomy of Disgust (Cambridge, Mass., 1997)Google Scholar.

43 Behrend, Henry, “Diseases Caught from Butcher's Meat,” Nineteenth Century 151 (September 1889): 413–14Google Scholar.

44 Cited in Hassall, Arthur Hill, Food: Its Adulterations, and the Methods for Their Detection (London, 1876), p. 475 Google Scholar.

45 Ayling, Abattoirs, p. 53.

46 Richardson, Benjamin Ward, “Public Slaughter-Houses: A Suggestion for Farmers,” New Review 8 (January–June 1893): 632 Google Scholar.

47 “Metropolitan Slaughterhouses,” Lancet (20 September 1873): 425.

48 “A Model Slaughter-House,” Builder 42 (4 February 1882): 149 Google Scholar.

49 Ayling, Abattoirs, p. 81.

50 See also Pick, Daniel, War Machine: The Rationalization of Slaughter in the Modern Age (London, 1993), pp. 182–87Google Scholar; Giedion, Mechanization Takes Command, pp. 209–46.

51 Ayling, Abattoirs, p. 34.

52 “The Woodside Lairage, Birkenhead,” Engineering 53 (20 May 1892): 618 Google Scholar.

53 Ayling, Abattoirs, p. 68.

54 See Perren, Meat Trade, pp. 107–23.

55 “A Report by the Medical Officer of Health and the Borough Engineer of South Shields upon City and Borough Abattoirs,” Sanitary Record 5 (5 August 1876): 92–93 Google Scholar.

56 Ayling, Abattoirs, p. 1.

57 “London Slaughter-Houses,” Builder 32 (4 April 1874): 287 Google Scholar.

58 Cited in Blyth, Manual, p. 267.

59 Cited in Ibid., p. 265.

60 “Slaughter-Houses and Offensive Trades,” Lancet (23 September 1876): 440.

61 Dudfield, T. O., “Slaughter-Houses of the Future,” Sanitary Record 2 (5 June 1875): 365 Google Scholar.

62 Richardson, “Public Slaughter-Houses,” p. 634.

63 Perren, Meat Trade, pp. 88–91.

64 “The Covered Markets of Europe,” Engineering 57 (25 May 1894): 671 Google Scholar.

65 “Nuisance from a Slaughter-House,” Sanitary Record 9 (2 August 1878): 77 Google Scholar.

66 Hunt, C., A History of the Introduction of Gas Lighting (London, 1907), p. 101 Google Scholar.

67 Schivelbusch, Wolfgang, Disenchanted Night: The Industrialization of Light in the Nineteenth Century, trans. Davies, Angela (Oxford, 1988), pp. 30–33 Google Scholar.

68 “The Artificial Lighting of Buildings, and Gas,” Builder 31 (11 January 1873): 25 Google Scholar.

69 Colburn, Zerah, The Gas-Works of London (London, 1865), p. 67 Google Scholar.

70 Fahie, J. A., “Electric Lighting from a Sanitary Point of View,” Electrician 15 (18 October 1884): 521 Google Scholar.

71 Cited in Electrician 8 (15 April 1882): 347.

72 Simpson, Thomas Bartlett, Gas-Works: The Evils Inseparable from Their Existence in Populous Places, and the Necessity of Removing Them from the Metropolis (London, 1866), pp. 9, 11Google Scholar.

73 Ibid., p. 13.

74 Cited in Manchester City Council, Minutes of Proceedings, 1869–70 (Manchester, 1870), p. 299 Google Scholar.

75 Simpson, Gas-Works, p. 9.

76 Newbigging, T. and Fewtrell, W., King's Treatise on the Science and Practice of the Manufacture and Distribution of Coal Gas, 3 vols. (London, 1878), 2:331 Google Scholar.

77 “Gas Explosions,” Electrician 34 (15 February 1895): 458 Google Scholar.

78 “The Gas Question in London,” Builder 30 (21 September 1872): 743 Google Scholar.

79 “Public Lights and Their Improvement,” Builder 32 (20 June 1874): 521 Google ScholarPubMed.

80 Stevenson, Robert Louis, “A Plea for Gas Lamps,” in his Virginibus Puerisque (London, 1881), pp. 274–80, 277Google Scholar.

81 “Street Lighting,” Electrician 27 (3 July 1891): 245 Google Scholar.

82 Slater, John, “Progress in Electric Lighting,” British Architect and Northern Engineer 17 (19 May 1882): 239 Google Scholar.

83 Richardson, Benjamin Ward, “Healthy Houses for Great Cities,” Builder 35 (20 January 1877): 65 Google Scholar.

84 Preece, William, “The Sanitary Aspects of Electric Lighting,” Electrician 25 (29 August 1890): 464 Google Scholar.

85 Preece, William, “On the Relative Merit and Cost of Gas and Electricity for Lighting Purposes,” Association of Municipal and Sanitary Engineers and Surveyors, Minutes of Proceedings 17 (27 June 1891): 231 Google Scholar.

86 Banham, Reyner, The Architecture of the Well-Tempered Environment (London, 1969), p. 64 Google Scholar.

87 Higgs, Paget, The Electric Light and Its Practical Applications (London, 1879), p. 6 Google Scholar.

88 Crary, Techniques of the Observer, and Suspensions of Perception.

89 Maier, J., Arc and Glow Lamps (London, 1886), p. 1 Google Scholar.

90 Woodward, G., “Staite and Petrie: Pioneers of Electric Lighting,” Institution of Electrical Engineers, Proceedings 136, no. A6 (November 1989): 290–96Google Scholar.

91 “Electric Lighting for the City of London,” Electrician 6 (2 April 1881): 244 Google Scholar.

92 “Electric Lighting in the City,” Engineering 31 (1 April 1881): 337 Google Scholar.

93 Hedges, Killingworth, Useful Information on Electric Lighting (London, 1882), p. 112 Google Scholar.

94 “Electric Lighting in the City,” Engineering 31 (1 April 1881): 335 Google Scholar.

95 Electrician 23 (25 October 1889): 617 Google Scholar.

96 “Street Illumination in the City,” Builder 61 (8 August 1891): 97 Google Scholar.

97 “The City of London Electric Lighting Company, Limited,” Electrical Review 30 (22 January 1892): 107 Google Scholar.

98 Electrician 32 (22 June 1894): 219 Google Scholar; “Electric Lighting in the City of London,” Engineering Record 29 (31 March 1894): 288 Google Scholar.

99 Webber, C. E., “Notes on the Electric Lighting of the City of London,” Electrician 32 (2 March 1894): 482 Google Scholar.

100 Ibid., p. 450.

101 “The City Lighting,” Electrician 30 (24 March 1893): 590 Google ScholarPubMed.

102 “The City Electric Lighting Breakdown,” Electrical Review 35 (19 October 1894): 458 Google Scholar.

103 “The Collapse of Overhead Wires,” Electrician 18 (7 January 1887): 184 Google Scholar.

104 Engineering Record 31 (9 March 1895): 254 Google ScholarPubMed.

105 “Electric Light for London,” Lancet (4 May 1889): 907.

106 Hepworth, T. C., The Electric Light: Its Past History and Present Position (London, 1879), p. 42 Google Scholar.

107 “Arc vs. Incandescent Lighting,” Electrician 6 (7 May 1881): 325 Google Scholar.

108 Sugg, William, Gas as an Illuminating Agent, Compared with Electricity (London, 1882), p. 17 Google Scholar.

109 “Extending Use of Gas in London,” Engineering Record 36 (4 September 1897): 287 Google Scholar.

110 Trotter, Alexander Pelham, The Elements of Illuminating Engineering (London, 1921), p. 26 Google Scholar.

111 “London Street Lighting,” Engineer 80 (2 August 1895): 112 Google Scholar.

112 Hughes, Networks of Power, p. 260.

113 Ayling, Abattoirs, p. 5.

114 Davis, John, Reforming London: The London Government Problem, 1855–1900 (Oxford, 1988)Google Scholar; Porter, Roy, London: A Social History (London, 1994)Google ScholarPubMed; Sheppard, Francis, London: A History (Oxford, 1998)Google Scholar.

115 See Dean, Governmentality, p. 55.

116 On France, see Donzelot, Jacques, “The Promotion of the Soul,” in Economy and Society 17, no. 3 (1988): 395–427 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For Germany, Steinmetz, George, Regulating the Social: The Welfare State and Imperial Politics in Imperial Germany (Princeton, N.J., 1993)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, is exemplary.