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Mazzini, Kossuth, and British Radicalism, 1848–1854

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2014

Gregory Claeys
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Extract

The relative quiescence of British working-class radicalism during much of the two decades after 1848, so central to the foundations of mid-Victorian stability, has been the subject of many explanations. Though Chartism did not expire finally until the late 1850s, its mainstream strategy of constitutionalist organization, huge meetings, enormous parliamentary petitions, and the tacit threat of violent intimidation seemed exploded after the debacle of Kennington Common and the failed march on Parliament in April 1848. But other factors also contributed to undermine the zeal for reform. Alleviating the pressures of distress, emigration carried off many activists to America and elsewhere. Relative economic prosperity rendered the economic ends of reform less pressing, and proposals like the Chartist Land Plan less appealing. The popularity of various self-help doctrines, including consumer cooperation, also militated against collectivist political action. “Labour aristocrats” and trade union leaders, moreover, preferred local and sectional economic improvement to the risks and expense of political campaigning.

Accounts of mid-Victorian political stability have had little to say, however, about the impact of European radicalism on the British working-class movement after 1848. That the failure of the continental revolutions brought thousands of refugees to Britain is well known. But although useful studies exist of the internationalist dimensions of Chartism prior to 1849—and of some of the refugee groups generally in this period—the effects of the exiled continental radicals on British working-class politics in the early 1850s have remained largely unconsidered.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of British Studies , Volume 28 , Issue 3 , July 1989 , pp. 225 - 261
Copyright
Copyright © North American Conference of British Studies 1989

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References

1 For a recent treatment of many of these explanations, see Kirk, Neville, The Growth of Working Class Reformism in Mid-Victorian Britain (London, 1985)Google Scholar. Also useful is Tholfsen, Trygve R., Working Class Radicalism in Mid-Victorian England (London, 1976)Google Scholar, though Mazzini is mentioned only briefly here (pp. 153–54) and Kossuth not at all. Older works on the period are surprisingly uninformative, e.g., Gillespie, Frances, Labor and Politics in England: 1850–1867 (Durham, N.C., 1927)Google Scholar. This article details arguments sketched briefly in Claeys, Gregory, Citizens and Saints: Politics and Anti-Politics in Early British Socialism (Cambridge, 1989)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, chap. 8.

2 Weisser's, Henry detailed British Working Class Movements and Europe, 1815–1848 (Manchester, 1975)Google Scholar is good on internationalism in the preceding period. Porter's, Bernard extremely useful The Refugee Question in Mid-Victorian Politics (Cambridge, 1979)Google Scholar is the best general work in the area, though it does not concentrate on relations between the refugees and domestic radicalism. Also generally helpful is Gossman, Norbert, “British Aid to Polish, Italian and Hungarian Exiles 1830–1870,” South Atlantic Quarterly 68 (1968–1969): 231–45Google Scholar. On Garibaldi, see Trevelyan, G. M., Garibaldi and the Thousand (New York, 1909)Google Scholar; and most recently, Gilley, Sheridan, “The Garibaldi Riots of 1864,” Historical Journal 16 (1973): 697–732CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Some elements of the German radical emigration are detailed in Ashton, Rosemary, Little Germany: Exile and Asylum in Victorian England (Oxford, 1986)Google Scholar. More concerned with the ideological consequences of exile is Christine Lattek's forthcoming study, “German Socialist Exiles in London, 1840–1864” (typescript). One segment of this work, concerned with the central theme here, the relations between democratic and socialist exiles, has been published as “Die Emigration der deutschen Achtundvierziger in England: Eine Reine ‘School of Scandal and Meanness’?” in Grossbritannien als Gast- und Exilland für Deutsche im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, ed. Niedhart, Gottfried (Bochum, 1985), pp. 22–47Google Scholar.

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12 Leader, no. 99 (February 14, 1852), p. 146Google Scholar. The founding of the organization is discussed in much of the correspondence edited by Hoeing, Frederick as “Letters of Mazzini to W. J. Linton,” Journal of Modern History 5 (1933): 55–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

13 Newcastle Public Library, Cowen Collection, item A332.

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21 Herald of Co-operation 10 (October 1847): 73–74 ffGoogle Scholar. These articles were probably by James Hole.

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34 The Ruskin disciple Kineton Parkes also reissued the English Republic in 1891.

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