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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 November 2013
The necessity of adopting or redefining illiberal measures—such as torture, internment, or targeted-killings of terrorists—to protect states places burdens on the meaning of liberalism around the world. After 1969, liberal intellectual responses to the so-called Troubles in Northern Ireland identified two conflicted groups of Irish liberals. Then academic and politician Conor Cruise O'Brien attempted to reduce responses to the crisis to the choice between supporting the state and condoning terrorism. “Consenting liberals” compromised professional practices in the law, journalism, broadcasting, and academia to support the state's counterinsurgency. Alternatively, “dissenting liberals” defended their “neutrality” alongside the freedom to criticize the counterinsurgency. Justifying infringements on individual freedoms, O'Brien and others said the democratic state was imperiled. But, anomalously, freedoms were sacrificed in defense of the Irish state, which in security terms did little to defend itself. Nevertheless, the counterinsurgency became an organizing principle in intellectual life, and over forty years colored self-perceptions of Irish society, past and present.
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5 The term was coined in an Irish Times editorial. “The O'Brien Ethic,” Irish Times, 28 October 1974.
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13 Tommy Murtagh, letter to the editor, Irish Times, 2 November 1974.
14 Ibid.
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39 Wilson, Speech to the House of Commons, 4 June 1974, Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 4th ser., vol. 874 (1972), col. 1051. The contemporary British records demonstrate Wilson wanted a long-term exit strategy and contemplated giving Northern Ireland dominion status. Paul Bew, drawing on Bernard Donoughue's oral testimony and memoirs, concludes that “The Prime Minister's own leaning was certainly in favour of withdrawal.” See Richard Bourke, “Wilson Clearly Wanted to Disengage from the North,” Irish Times, 3 January 2005; Bew, Paul, Ireland: The Politics of Enmity, 1789–2006 (Oxford, 2007), 514–16Google Scholar.
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41 DEPD vol. 242, 27 November 1969, col. 2167; vol. 300, 12 October 1977, col. 338.
42 Commission of Investigation into the Dublin and Monaghan Bombings of 1974 Final Report (Dublin, 2007), 72–73.
43 FitzGerald, “Withdrawal,” 144.
44 NAI Report of Interdepartmental Committee.
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46 Garret FitzGerald, Secret Memorandum to the Irish Government, June 1975, NAI, DT/2005/151/703.
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58 O'Brien, Memoir, 355.
59 Keating was elected as a Labour Party deputy and served as minister for industry and commerce (1973–77).
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61 See McGarry, Patsy, While Justice Slept: The True Story of Nicky Kelly and the Sallins Train Robbery (Dublin, 2006)Google Scholar.
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66 “O'Brien Warns of Deadly and Immediate Threat to the State,” Irish Times, 8 September 1976.
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90 See Garvin, Tom, “The Discreet Charm of the National Bourgeoisie,” Third Degree 1, no. 1 (1977): 16–17Google Scholar; Laffan, Michael, “Violence and Terror in Twentieth-Century Ireland,” in Social Protest, Violence and Terror in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Europe, ed. Mommsen, Wolfgang J. and Hirschfeld, Gerhard (London, 1982), 172Google Scholar.
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92 Ibid.
93 Ibid.
94 O'Brien, “Unhealthy Intersection,” 3–8.
95 Ibid., 7.
96 These ideas are developed across the post-1970 O'Brien canon. See for examples: States; Ancestral Voices: Religion and Nationalism in Ireland (Dublin, 1994)Google Scholar; God Land: Reflections on Religion and Nationalism (London, 1999)Google Scholar; cf. Kearney, “Myth and Terror.”
97 See Bourke, Richard, “Languages of Conflict and the Northern Ireland Troubles,” Journal of Modern History 83, no. 3 (September 2011): 544–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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106 Lyons's lecture was delivered to the Irish history society at University College Dublin in November 1971.
107 Lyons, “Dilemma,” 54.
108 Ibid., 52.
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125 Ibid., 1–34; cf. Regan, “Collins,” and, especially, idem, “Public Histories,” 282–89.
126 Cf. David Fitzpatrick, “Ethnic Cleansing, Ethical Smearing, and Irish Historians,” History 98, no. 329 (January 2013): 135–44.
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128 Stanley Cohen, Folk Devils and Moral Panics (London, 1972), 9.
129 For accusations that academic historians critical of Peter Hart's interpretation of the “Bandon Valley massacre” (see below) support “IRA apologists” and for comparisons between these historians and Nazi collaborators, alongside clerics who failed to stop pedophilia inside the Roman Catholic Church (“Just as [Monsignor] O'Callaghan's first duty was to protect the children of the diocese who could not speak for themselves, so the first duty of academic historians is to protect past victims of the IRA who no longer have a voice”), see Eoghan Harris, Sunday Independent, 26 June and 17 July, 2011.
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131 For O'Brien's influence on a contemporary study, see Regan's review of English's Irish Struggle and Bourke, “Languages.”
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139 For a discussion of primitivism in Hart's work, see Regan, John M., “The History of the Last Atrocity,” Dublin Review of Books 22 (Summer 2012)Google Scholar, http://www.drb.ie/more_details/12-06-22/The_History_of_the_Last_Atrocity.aspx (accessed 17 October 2012).
140 See Regan, “Bandon.”
141 Hart, Enemies, 288; Brian P. Murphy, review of Hart's The IRA and Its Enemies in The Month: A Review of Christian Thought and World Affairs (September–October 1998): 381–83.
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149 Ibid., 361–62. The aim of the documents project is stated to be “to make available . . . to people who may not be in a position to easily consult the National Archives, documents which are considered important or useful for an understanding of Irish foreign policy” (ibid., ix.). Funded by the Department of Foreign Affairs and the Higher Education Authority, between 1997 and 2011 the foreign documents project has spent 1.8 million euro. Information from the publishers, the Royal Irish Academy, 13 July 2012.
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183 Columnist John Waters writes: “Many of us [journalists] were convinced by the need to pull the historical rug from under the Provos and were therefore acquiescent in the rewriting of the past.” Irish Times, 10 April 2006.
184 For Berlin's influence on Ignatieff's lesser evil thesis, see Ignatieff, Lesser, 15–16.
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