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² On “othering” in medieval Europe see Moore, R. I., The Formation of a Persecuting Society (Oxford, 1987), pp. 35, 64–65, 89–91, 123Google Scholar; Cohn, Norman, Europe's Inner Demons: An Investigation into the Origins of the Great Witch-Hunt (London, 1975)Google Scholar; Gregg, Joan Young, Devils, Women and Jews: Reflections of the Other in Medieval Sermon Stories (Albany, N.Y., 1997), pp. 16–22Google Scholar; Trachtenburg, Joshua, The Devil and the Jews: The Medieval Conception of the Jew and Its Relation to Modern Anti-Semitism (Philadelphia and Jerusalem, 1943; reprint, 1993)Google Scholar.

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⁸ Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, p. 569; J. A. Sharpe, Instruments of Darkness, pp. 84–85.

⁹ See, e.g., Deborah Willis's work on the demonization of village-level ideas of malevolent nurturing by members of the Protestant elite such as Darcy, Brian and Gifford, George, Malevolent Nurture: Witch-Hunting and Maternal Power in Early Modern England (Ithaca, N.Y., and London, 1995), pp. 89–116Google Scholar; similarly see Levine, Laura, Men in Women's Clothing: Anti-theatricality and Effeminization (Cambridge, 1996), chaps. 6–7Google Scholar.

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⁴¹ For example, see de Voragine, Jacobus, The Golden Legend: Readings on the Lives of the Saints, 2 vols., trans. Ryan, W. G. (Princeton, N.J., 1993), 1:192, 238, 369–70, 2:4, 69, 86, 193–95, 224Google Scholar; The Art and Craft to know well to die (Westminster, 1490)Google Scholar; Rolle, Richard, Remedy against the troubles of temptations (London, 1508)Google Scholar; Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars, pp. 266–80, 313–27; Joan Young Gregg, Devils, Women and Jews, pp. 25–60.

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⁴⁸ Sandys, Sermons, p. 166; Perkins, An Exposition upon the Lord's Prayer, p. 343; Est, Satan's Sowing Season, pp. 24–25.

⁴⁹ Latimer, Sermons, pp. 429–30; Cranmer, Catechismus, fols. 147v–148.

⁵⁰ Perkins, The Combat between Christ and the Devil Displayed, p. 376.

⁵¹ For a different picture of the relationship between physical and spiritual manifestations see Oldridge, The Devil, pp. 40–47.

⁵² Gifford, Two Sermons, pp. 70–71.

⁵³ Perkins, The Combat between Christ and the Devil Displayed, p. 382.

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⁷² Perkins, William, Cases of Conscience, in Works, 2:37–39Google Scholar, the term “satanical molestation” was his; see also the opinion of Richard Greenham (1582), in Parker and Carlson, “Pratical Divinity,” p. 217. I am currently examining the parallels between the possession of individuals and buildings as part of large-scale study of the phenomenon of spiritual intrusion (both divine and diabolic) in early modern England.

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⁸² Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars, pp. 578–79, 589.

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¹⁰⁵ Nathan Johnstone, The Devil, chap. 5; Lake, Peter, “Deeds against Nature: Cheap Print, Protestantism and Murder in Seventeenth-Century England,” in Culture and Politics in Early Stuart England, ed. Sharpe, K. and Lake, P. (Houndsmills, England, 1994), pp. 268–69Google Scholar; Faller, Lincoln, Turned to Account: The Forms and Functions of Criminal Biography in Late Seventeenth- and Early Eighteenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 22–31, 52–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹⁰⁷ William Rowley, Thomas Dekker, and John Ford, The Witch of Edmonton (1621), act 3, scene 3, lines 1–40; for other examples in which the physicality of the stage expressed a dynamic of satanic envelopment and intrusion, unseen to the protagonists but shown to the insight of the audience see William Shakespeare, Othello, esp. 2.3.315–329, and Macbeth, 1.3.133–141, 1.5.48–52; A Yorkshire Tragedy (London, 1608), 5:43, 57–62Google Scholar; The Life of Mother Shipton: A New Comedy (London, 1660), 1:iGoogle Scholar.

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¹¹⁰ Norwood, Richard, The Journal of Richard Norwood (New York, 1945), p. 93Google Scholar.

¹¹¹ Ibid. pp. 102–3.

¹¹² Ibid., p. 100.

¹¹³ “The experiences of J.M.,” in Samuel Petto, Roses from Sharon (1654), quoted in Watkins, Puritan Experience, p. 14; Clarke, Lives of Thirty-Two English Divines, p. 421, and Lives of Sundry Eminent Persons in this later age (London, 1683), p. 153Google Scholar.

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¹¹⁷ Stachniewski, The Persecutory Imagination, pp. 40–41.

¹¹⁸ Clarke, The Lives of Sundry Eminent Persons, p. 153.

¹¹⁹ Davy, Sarah, Heaven Realiz’d (London, 1670), p. 8Google Scholar; Allen, Satan his Methods and Malice Baffled, p. 9; see also the experiences of Mary Gunter, in Clarke, The Lives of Sundry Eminent Persons, p. 136; Bolton, Robert, The last conflicts and death of Mr Thomas Peacock (London, 1646), pp. 7–9Google Scholar.

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¹²² Capel, Tentations, p. 30.

¹²³ Norwood, Journal, p. 99.

¹²⁴ Bunyan, Grace Abounding, p. 35.

¹²⁵ Ibid, p. 49.

¹²⁶ Ibid, pp.20–21, here the Devil was using Rom. 9:16.

¹²⁷ Brilliana Harley, “Commonplace book of Brilliana Conway,” 1622, Nottingham University Library, Portland Mss., London Collection, fols. 1r–2r, 6r, 94v, 150r, 157r, 170r. I should like to thank Dr. Jackie Eales for providing me with a copy of this manuscript.

¹²⁸ SirD’Ewes, Simonds, The Diary of Sir Simonds D’Ewes, 1622–1624, ed. Bourcier, E. (Paris, 1977), p. 135Google Scholar.

¹²⁹ Hoby, Margaret, The Diary of Lady Margaret Hoby, 1559–1605, ed. Meads, D. M. (London, 1930), pp. 197–99Google Scholar.

¹³⁰ D’Ewes, Diary, 1622–1624, p. 178.

¹³¹ Bunyan, Grace Abounding, pp. 14–15.

¹³² Harley, “Commonplace book,” fols. 1r–2r, 6r, 94v, 150r, 157r, 170r. See also Bunyan's encounter with Arthur Dent's Plain Man's Pathway (1601), and Lewis Bayly's Practice of Piety (1615), in Grace Abounding, p. 8.

¹³³ Clarke, Lives of Thirty-Two English Divines, p. 420–21; for Henry Scudder's description of “the sin against the Holy Ghost,” see The Christian's Daily Walk in holy Security and Peace (London, 1631), pp. 522–53Google Scholar.

¹³⁴ Norwood, Journal, p. 102.

¹³⁵ A brief discourse of the Christian life and death of Mistress Katherine Brettergh (London, 1602), pp. 74–75Google Scholar; see the various attempts of Richard Greenham to instill a soteriological understanding of temptation in sufferers in 1581–82, in Parker and Carlson, “Practical Divinity,” pp. 145–46, 169, 185–86, 189–90, 209–10.

¹³⁶ Harrison, William, Deaths Advantage little regarded (London, 1602), pp. 81–82Google Scholar.

¹³⁷ Clarke, The Lives of Thirty-two English Divines, pp. 424–45; see also Norwood, Journal, p. 100; The Firebrand taken out of the Fire, of the Wonderful History … of Mis. Drake (London, 1654), pp. 31–32, 45–55Google Scholar.

¹³⁸ The Firebrand taken out of the Fire, pp. 172–73.

¹³⁹ Parker and Carlson, “Practical Divinity,” p. 241.

¹⁴⁰ Holbrooke, Ralph, “The Puritan Death-Bed,” in The Culture of English Puritanism, ed. Durston, C. and Eales, J. (Houndsmills, 1996), pp. 139–40Google Scholar.

¹⁴¹ A Brief Discourse … of … Katherine Brettergh (London, 1603), pp. 13–15Google Scholar.

¹⁴² Stubbes, Phillip, A Crystal Glass for Christian Women (London, 1592), sigs. C2v–C3vGoogle Scholar.