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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 09 May 2019
During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, the British Empire grew through its invasion of Dutch colonies around the Indian Ocean rim. The incursions entwined British and Dutch politics, cultures, and social networks. These developments were significant for the Dutch East Indies, but have received relatively little attention in histories of the Second British Empire. In light of recent interest in Anglo-Dutch interaction, connectivity across empires, and the uses of prosopography to question the boundaries of imperial history, this article uses Dutch biographies to interrogate the relationship between the politics of liberal reform and despotism in the Cape Colony and Java under the British. A dialectic between despotism and liberalism dominates the Second Empire's historiography. Conversely, tracing the biographies of two interstitial figures who passed between the Dutch Empire and that of Britain shows how despotism and reform were connected. The Dutch drew notions of reform from their social networks into the Cape and Java through their manipulation of loyalist rhetoric. Concurrently, the use of such rhetoric legitimized societies and controls linked to the entrenchment of autocracy. This article thus reveals links between connectivity and control in Britain's Indian Ocean empire.
I am enormously grateful to Sujit Sivasundaram, Renaud Morieux, Peter Mandler, and the journal's peer reviewers and editors for their valuable advice on various drafts of this article. I also thank the Cambridge reading group and the panel organized by Elizabeth Elbourne and Durba Ghosh at the 2017 meeting of the North American Conference on British Studies for their interest and helpful feedback.
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214 “A Meeting of Subscribers.”
215 Report of the Directors, 73
216 “Letter from a Liberal Colonist,” Java Government Gazette, 13 January 1816. The Dutch author is very probably Frederik Turr, as he references his experiences of travel and his chair on the institution's committee and even quotes a Latin phrase by Horace.
217 “Letter from a Liberal Colonist.”
218 “Letter from a Liberal Colonist.”
219 “Letter from a Liberal Colonist.”
220 “Letter from a Liberal Colonist.”
221 “Letter from a Liberal Colonist.”
222 Report of the Directors, 15.
223 Raffles, Thomas Stamford, History of Java, 2 vols. (London, 1817–1830)Google Scholar, 2:cxcvi.
224 Report of the Directors, 78.
225 Report of the Directors, 80.
226 Schama, Patriots and Liberators, 261.
227 Postma, Johannes, The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1815 (Cambridge, 1990), 292CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
228 Saunderson, Barbara, “Frossard and the Abolition of Slavery: A Moral Dilemma,” Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester 72, no. 1 (1990): 155–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 156.
229 Theal, Records of the Cape Colony, 10:24–25.
230 Theal, 10:24–25.
231 “Letter from Philo Colonius,” Java Government Gazette, 20 April 1816.
232 “Letter from Philo Colonius.”
233 “Letter from Philo Colonius,”
234 Report of the Directors, 92.
235 Report of the Directors, 91–92.
236 Report of the Directors, 92.
237 Report of the Directors, 92.
238 Sturgis, “Anglicization at the Cape of Good Hope,” 11.
239 Sturgis, 10–11.
240 Sturgis, 16.
241 Sturgis, 17.
242 See Elbourne, Elizabeth, Blood Ground: Colonialism, Missions, and the Contest for Christianity in the Cape Colony and Britain, 1799–1853 (Montreal, 2002)Google Scholar.
243 Carey, “Revolutionary Europe,” 167–88.
244 Raffles, History of Java, 2:cxcvii.
245 Raffles, 2:cii.
246 Raffles, Sophia, Memoir of the Life and Public Services of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, 2 vols. (London, 1830–1835)Google Scholar, 2:52.
247 Van Goor, Prelude to Colonialism, 83–98.
248 Carey, “Revolutionary Europe,” 182–83.
249 Theal, Records of the Cape Colony, 35:365.
250 Report of a Commission, xxvii.
251 Theal, Records of the Cape Colony, 35:402–3.
252 “Java Benevolent Institution,” The Missionary Register for 1817 (London, 1817), 469Google Scholar; “Java Benevolent Institution,” Literary Panorama and National Register, no. 7 (1818): 652Google Scholar.
253 Report of the Directors, 69–92.
254 Cochin, Augustin, The Results of Slavery, trans. Booth, Mary L. (Boston, 1863), 205Google Scholar.
255 For the early modern period, see Israel, Jonathan I., ed., The Anglo-Dutch Moment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution and Its World Impact (Cambridge, 1991)Google Scholar; Oostindie, Gert and Roitman, Jessica V., eds., Dutch Atlantic Connections, 1680–1800: Linking Empires, Bridging Borders (Leiden, 2014)Google Scholar; Gaastra, Femme S., “War, Competition and Collaboration: Relations between the English and Dutch East India Company in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,” in The Worlds of the East India Company, ed. Bowen, H. V., Lincoln, Margarette, and Rigby, Nigel (Suffolk, 2002), 49–68Google Scholar; for the later nineteenth century, see Ross, Status and Respectability, 40–69; McKenzie, Imperial Underworld, 159–90.
256 See McKenzie, Imperial Underworld, 103–58; Bayly, Imperial Meridian, 235–47; for a globally oriented history of nineteenth-century liberalism, see Bayly, Recovering Liberties, 104–245.
257 Ross, “George Ogilvie Ross in Four Continents,” 300–1.
258 Ross, 300.
259 “Advertentie, Mr. F. E. Turr heeft zijn kantoo als praktizijn in de Koe Straat,” Bataviasche Courant, 15 April 1820.
260 Jones, Edward J. Morse, Roll of the British Settlers in South Africa (Cape Town, 1971), 163Google Scholar.
261 Randall, Peter, Little England on the Veld: The English Private School System in South Africa (Johannesburg, 1982), 55Google Scholar.
