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⁴ Krebs, Paula, Gender, Race, and the Writing of Empire: Public Discourse and the Boer War (Cambridge, 1999), 80–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁵ Fuller later changed his views.

⁶ See, e.g., Belfield, Eversley, The Boer War (Hamden, CT, 1975; repr., London, 1993)Google Scholar; Farwell, Byron, The Great Anglo-Boer War (New York, 1976)Google Scholar; Evans, Martin Matrix, The Boer War: South Africa, 1899–1902 (Oxford, 1999)Google Scholar; and Trew, Peter, The Boer War Generals (Stroud, 1999)Google Scholar.

⁷ For general studies that pay more attention to the war's latter stages, see, e.g., Pakenham, Thomas, The Boer War (New York, 1979)Google Scholar; Nasson, Bill, The South African War, 1899–1902 (New York, 1999)Google Scholar; and Judd, Denis and Surridge, Keith, The Boer War (New York, 2003)Google Scholar.

⁸ The roles of South Africa's black and colored populations and the participation of women in active service (on the Boer side) as well as in nursing are but two fields of study that have opened up to investigators. See, e.g., Lowry, Donal, ed., The South African War Reappraised (New York, 2000)Google Scholar; Nasson, Bill, Abraham Esau's War: A Black South African War in the Cape, 1899–1902 (New York, 1991)Google Scholar; and Cuthbertson, Greg, Grundlingh, Albert, and Suttie, Mary-Lynn, eds., Writing a Wider War: Rethinking Gender, Race, and Identity in the South African War, 1899–1902 (Athens, OH, 2002)Google Scholar.

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¹³ French, David, Military Identities: The Regimental System, the British Army, and the British People, c. 1870–2000 (Oxford, 2005), 108–14, 182–96.Google Scholar Also see Oram, Gerry, “‘The Greatest Efficiency’: British and American Military Law, 1866–1918,” in Comparative Histories of Crime, ed. Godfrey, Barry, Emsley, Clive, and Dunstall, Graeme (Devon, 2003), 159–77.Google Scholar

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¹⁸ British definitions of acceptable conduct in war were most likely altered as well by the experiences of Winston Churchill and other British observers during the Spanish war in Cuba. The connection between the two conflicts is a subject that requires further investigation. For a recent study of that war, see Tone, John Lawrence, War and Genocide in Cuba, 1895–1898 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2006)Google Scholar.

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²⁷ Callwell, C. E., Small Wars: Their Principles and Practice, 3rd ed. (London, 1906; repr., Lincoln, NE, 1996), 35–36.Google Scholar Callwell advised that where there was no king, no capital, and no organized army, the objective should be whatever the enemy prized most. In this case, Roberts should have immediately turned his attention toward eliminating the Boer supply of horses and livestock.

²⁸ This article will not discuss the moral nor legal use of concentration camps in the South African War. For more on the concentration camps, see Spies, Methods of Barbarism; also see Pretorius, Scorched Earth.

²⁹ Like Roberts, Kitchener also offered a variety of inducements to Burghers who remained in the field to turn in their weapons and return to their farms. He also made a number of threats.

³⁰ For more on volunteer forces in the South African War, see Miller, Stephen M., Volunteers on the Veld (Norman, OK, 2007)Google Scholar.

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³⁵ TNA: PRO, WO 92/8–10, Judge Advocate-General's Office, Court-Martial Records (w/Boer War register), 1900–1902.

³⁶ Gunter, Outlines of Military Law and Customs of War.

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⁴⁰ Ibid., p. 1205.

⁴¹ Ross, Edward, Diary of the Siege of Mafeking October 1899 to May 1900, ed. Willan, Brian (Cape Town, 1980), 38–39.Google Scholar

⁴² The attack was led by Commandant Sarel Eloff. Edward Ross, the author of Diary of the Siege of Mafeking, ran into Murchison during the attack while Murchison, armed with a Martini rifle, was firing at the Boers from atop the prison. Ibid. Also see TNA: PRO, WO 108/374, Correspondence and Papers, South African War.

⁴³ See, e.g., Witton, Scapegoats of the Empire; Davey, Breaker Morant and the Bushveldt Carbineers; Bleszynski, Shoot Straight, You Bastards! and Woolmore, The Bushveldt Carbineers and the Pietersburg Light Horse.

⁴⁴ Judd and Surridge, The Boer War, 230.

⁴⁵ TNA: PRO, WO 93/41, Judge Advocate-General's Office, Court-Martial Records, Officers, Index, Confidential Letter, 22 November 1901, p. 1024.

⁴⁶ Stead, The War in South Africa, 23.

⁴⁷ H. Hayes to Parfill, 15 November 1900, Hayes Papers 8102–32, National Army Museum (NAM), London.

⁴⁸ Frank Stephenson to home, 14 April 1901, Stephenson Papers, NAM.

⁴⁹ Diary entry, 12 April 1900, Lister Papers, NAM.

⁵⁰ W. A. W. Lawson, later 3rd Baron Burnham, to Syb, 9 April 1900, Burnham Papers, Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives (LHCMA), King's College, University of London.

⁵¹ Frank Charge to his father, 8 May 1900, Charge Papers, Worcester City Museum.

⁵² W. S. Power to his cousin, 11 July 1900, Power Papers, NAM.

⁵³ Diary entry, 14 August 1900, Brown Papers 7305–82, NAM.

⁵⁴ J. G. Wrentmore to Price, 12 March 1902, Wrentmore Papers 6112-190-18, NAM. Wrentmore was later brought before a court of enquiry himself for surrendering at Concordia, an event that Kitchener described as one of the most disgraceful affairs of the war. Burke, Peter, The Siege of O’OKiep (Bloemfontein, 1995), 105.Google Scholar

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⁵⁶ See, e.g., Hobhouse, Brunt of the War.

⁵⁷ TNA: PRO, WO 108/240, Correspondence and Papers, South African War, no. 628, 13 July 1900.

⁵⁸ Carolyn Conley's study of rape in Victorian Kent has shown that whereas the overall conviction rate for felonies was 85 percent, for rape it was around 40 percent; see her “Rape and Justice in Victorian England,” Victorian Studies 29, no. 4 (Summer 1986): 521, 536.Google Scholar

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⁶³ Spies, Methods of Barbarism, 31.

⁶⁴ Roberts was referring to General Louis Lazre Hoche's counterinsurgency campaign conducted against the forces of counterrevolution in the northwest of France in 1795 and 1796. Hoche drew up detailed instructions on how to “wage a war to the death” while respecting the rights of peaceful civilians at the same time. TNA: PRO, WO 108/399, Correspondence and Papers, South African War, no. 340, 24 September 1900. For more on Hoche, see North, Jonathan, “General Hoche and Counterinsurgency,” Journal of Military History 67, no. 2 (April 2003): 529–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁸² See, e.g., TNA: PRO, WO 91/51, Judge Advocate-General's Office, Court-Martial Records, 1892–1904.

⁸³ Ibid., 28 May 1901, 29 June 1901, and 27 September 1901.

⁸⁴ Ibid., 22 January 1902.

⁸⁵ TNA: PRO, WO 93/41, Judge Advocate-General's Office, Court-Martial Records, Officers, Index, 1901–2, pp. 988 and 1086.

⁸⁶ TNA: PRO, WO 83/11, Judge Advocate-General's Office, Minute Books, 28 December 1900.

⁸⁷ Jackson, A Soldier's Diary, 293–96.

⁸⁸ Barnes, James, The Great War Trek: With the British Army on the Veldt (New York, 1901), 191.Google Scholar

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⁹¹ Nasson, Bill, “Tommy Atkins in South Africa,” in The South African War, ed. Warwick, Peter and Spies, S. B. (Harlow, 1980), 128.Google Scholar

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⁹³ See, e.g., TNA: PRO, WO 81/135a, Judge Advocate-General's Office, Court-Martial Records, Letter Books, 20 May 1900; TNA: PRO, WO 86/50, Judge Advocate-General's Office, Court-Martial Records, Registers, 4 December 1899; TNA: PRO, WO 91/51, Judge Advocate-General's Office, Court-Martial Records, 19 December 1901; TNA: PRO, WO 93/41, Judge Advocate-General's Office, Court-Martial Records, Officers, Index, 1899–1902, pp. 931, 944, 953, 964, 976, 1148, 1191.

⁹⁴ Burn-Murdoch's use of the pejorative “nigger” was quite common among British soldiers. It was applied to Africans and Indians alike. Burn-Murdoch, J. H., With Lumsden's Horse Agin the Boers (Taunton, 1901), 89–90.Google Scholar

⁹⁵ The “Schedule of Surrenders in South African War, 1899–1902” lists several hundred cases. See TNA: PRO, WO 108/372, Correspondence and Papers, South African War, pp. 2–142.

⁹⁶ Ibid., p. vi.

⁹⁷ TNA: PRO, WO 91/51, Judge Advocate-General's Office, Court-Martial Records, vol. 7, 9 February 1901 and 28 October 1901.

⁹⁸ TNA: PRO, WO 108/374, Correspondence and Papers, South African War, vol. 7, Army Order, South Africa, 31 December 1901, p. 255.

⁹⁹ Many of the British official documents were destroyed by fire during World War II.

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