Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-swr86 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-16T12:31:01.998Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Post-Anti-Colonial Histories: Representing the Other in Imperial Britain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2014

Extract

New Aliens. By not being Others we define ourselves. We have always done so. In bad times the barbarians were at our gates; on more fortunate occasions we were at theirs. As we changed, so did our alter ego. A hundred-plus years ago in England, “we” were the upper classes, perhaps the middling lot aspiring upward. Primarily men. The Others populated the Empire, the East End of London, and even many social and geographic quarters closer to home. And if we were not men, we mostly pretended we wished we were. We wrote our history, as well as theirs. In time, growing familiarity transformed many strange aliens into us, an acquaintancy which led to multiculturalism, gender assertiveness, and subjectivism. In the process we found new aliens—the DWEM (dead white European males).

Some of us have maintained our moral righteousness throughout, whereas others have been skeptical all along. Having gone through a generation of a strong antipatriarchal/anticolonial writing, writers of different persuasions have come to reevaluate and pose challenges to the new edifice. Suspended between conflicting incredulous postmodernist sensibilities and a pragmatic sense that communication is maintained despite its announced demise, it seems an opportune moment to examine the new attitudes to writing (imperial) history in light of such questions as the role of agency within and against a dominant discourse, the place of morality in the writing of history, and the process of alienation mediated among competing victimizations.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © North American Conference of British Studies 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Said, Edward W., Orientalism (New York, 1979)Google Scholar. Said has recently “updated” his position, in Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993)Google Scholar. See also Barkan, E., “Fin de Siecle Cultural Studies,” Tikkun (July/August 1993), pp. 49–51, 92Google Scholar.

2 Especially poignant is Cheyfitz, Eric, The Poetics of Imperialism: Translation and Colonization from the Tempest to Tartan (Oxford, 1991)Google Scholar: “Those of us who live within the privilege of Western patriarchy live in an increasingly narrow psychic and social space. For we cannot afford to enter most of the social spaces of the world; they have become dangerous to us, filled with the violence of the people we oppress, our own violence in alien forms we refuse to recognize. And we can afford less and less to think of these social spaces, to imagine the languages of their protest, for such imagining would keep us in continual conflict, in continual contradiction of ourselves, where we are increasingly locked away in our comfort. Terrorizing the world with our wealth and power, we live in a world of terror, afraid to venture out, afraid to think openly. Difference and dialogue are impossible here. We talk to ourselves about ourselves, believing in the grand hallucination that we are talking to others” (p. xiv).

3 For example, Torgovnick, Marianna, Gone Primitive: Savage Intellects, Modern Lives (Chicago, 1990)Google Scholar; Price, Sally, Primitive Art in Civilized Places (Chicago, 1989)Google Scholar, see below.

4 See, e.g., Representations, vol. 37 (Winter 1992)Google Scholar. This issue, entitled “Imperial Fantasies and Post Colonial Histories,” displayed several perspectives on the current sensibilities in the field. The opening article (Chakrabarty, Dipesh, “Postcoloniality and the Artifice of History: Who Speaks for ‘Indian’ Pasts?” pp. 126Google Scholar) tries to imagine what a peripheral history might look like without referring to the center. The subaltern without the suburban. Nicholas B. Dirks (“Castes of Mind,” pp. 56–78) from a traditional historical methodology informed by cultural differences confronts the “orientalist” critique and describes “recent critical theory” as “merely gestured toward history—no sooner completing the gesture than appropriating history to support ahistorical—and even antihistorical—readings of texts. The ease with which critical readings of colonial texts and ‘third world’ referents are made in certain literary circles today may indicate the ironic birth of new orientalism” (p. 74).

5 Chaudhuri, Nupur and Strobel, Margaret, eds., Western Women and Imperialism: Complicity and Resistance (Bloomington, Ind., 1992)Google Scholar; Strobel, Margaret, European Women and the Second British Empire (Bloomington, Ind., 1991)Google Scholar; Perera, Suvendrini, Reaches of Empire: The English Novel from Edgeworth to Dickens (New York, 1991)Google Scholar. For the American context, see Dubois, Ellen Carol and Ruiz, Vicky L., Unequal Sisters: A Multicultural Reader in U.S. Women's History (New York, 1990)Google Scholar.

6 Suleri, Sara, The Rhetoric of English India (Chicago, 1992), p. 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

7 The initial subaltern studies were edited by Ganajit Guha (1982–87) and were informed largely by Marxism and structuralism. See the selected papers in the American edition, Guha, Ganajit and Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty, eds., Selected Subaltern Studies (New York, 1988)Google Scholar, with Edward Said's preface; Spivak's introduction is tilted more toward the critical studies.

8 Winant's, Howard interview with Spivak, , “Gayatri Spivak on the Politics of the Subaltern,” Socialist Review 20, no. 3 (1990): 8197Google Scholar.

9 Ibid., p. 90.

10 See, for example, Bose, Sujit, Attitudes to Imperialism: Kipling, Forster and Paul Scott (Delhi, 1990)Google Scholar; Murshid, Ghulam, Reluctant Debutante: Response of Bengali Women to Modernization, 1849–1905 (Rajshahi, Bangladesh, 1983)Google Scholar.

11 Prakash, Gyan, “Writing Post-orientalist Histories of the Third World: Perspectives from Indian Historiography,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 32, no. 2 (1990): 383408CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

12 Ibid., pp. 400, 401.

13 Ibid., p. 403.

14 Ibid.

15 Ibid., p. 406.

16 Ashcroft, Bill, Griffiths, Gareth, and Tiffin, Helen, The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post Colonial Literatures (London, 1989)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

17 Ibid., pp. 128–29.

18 Torgovnick (n. 3 above).

19 Malinowski, Bronislaw, The Sexual Life of Savages (New York, 1927)Google Scholar.

20 See, e.g., Clifford, James, The Predicament of Culture (Cambridge, Mass., 1988)Google Scholar.

21 Malinowski, Bronislaw, A Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term (London, 1967)Google Scholar.

22 Boas, Franz, The Mind of Primitive Man (New York, 1911)Google Scholar.

23 On Boas, see Barkan, Elazar, The Retreat of Scientific Racism (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 7690Google Scholar passim; and on Boas's publications before 1911, see Stocking, George W., Race, Culture, and Evolution (New York, 1968; reprint, Chicago, 1988), esp. pp. 214–22Google Scholar.

24 Conrad, Joseph, Heart of Darkness (London, 1902)Google Scholar; Kingsley, Mary, Travels in West Africa (London, 1897)Google Scholar.

25 See, e.g., Pratt, Mary Louise, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturalion (London, 1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, who gives Kingsley especially high marks.

26 Suleri (n. 6 above).

27 Ibid., pp. 12, 16.

28 Ibid., p. 98.

29 Cowling, Mary, The Artist as Anthropologist: The Representation of Type and Character in Victorian Art (Cambridge, 1989)Google Scholar; Mack, John, Emil Torday and the Art of the Congo, 1900–1909 (Seattle, 1991)Google Scholar; Mangan, J. A., ed., Making Imperial Mentalities: Socialization and British Imperialism (Manchester, 1990)Google Scholar; Chaudhuri and Strobel, eds. (n. 5 above).

30 Geary, Compare Christraud M., Images from Bamum: German Colonial Photography at the Court of King Njoya, Cameron West Africa, 1902–1915 (Washington, D.C., 1988)Google Scholar.

31 Rooke, Patricia, “Slavery, Social Death and Imperialism: The Formation of a Christian Black Élite in the West Indies, 1800–1845,” in Mangan, , ed., pp. 2346Google Scholar.

32 Compare, e.g., with Price, Richard, Alabi's World (Baltimore, 1990)Google Scholar, one of the more celebrated volumes to integrate history and anthropology with a postmodernist perspective, which constructs the Others' voice through church archives, among other sources.

33 Cowling, p. 37.

34 Mangan, ed., p. 2.

35 Hatem, Mervat, “Through Each Other's Eyes: The Impact on the Colonial Encounter of the Image of Egyptian, Levantine-Egyptian, and European Women, 1862–1920,” in Chaudhuri, and Strobel, , eds., pp. 3158Google Scholar.

36 Jacobs, Sylvia M., “Give a Thought to Africa: Black Women Missionaries in Southern Africa,” in Chaudhuri, and Strobel, , eds., pp. 207–28Google Scholar.

37 Ibid., p. 208.

38 Brownfoot, Janice N., “Sisters under the Skin: Imperialism and Emancipation of Women in Malaya, c. 1891–1941,” in Mangan, , ed., pp. 4673Google Scholar.

39 Ibid., pp. 48–49.

40 Warren, Allen, “‘Mothers for the Empire’? The Girl Guides Association in Britain, 1909–1939,” in Mangan, , ed. (n. 29 above), pp. 96109Google Scholar.

41 Paxton, Nancy L., “Complicity and Resistance in the Writings of Flora Annie Steel and Annie Besant,” in Chaudhuri, and Strobel, , eds. (n. 5 above), pp. 158–76Google Scholar. Compare the role of E. Sylvia Pankhurst's involvement in Ethiopia and her efforts on behalf of Haile Selassie ignoring the traditional aspects of his rule (including feudalism). See Strobel (n. 5 above), p. 65.

42 Sathyamurthy, T. V., “Victorians, Socialization and Imperialism: Consequences for Post-imperial India,” in Mangan, , ed. (n. 29 above), pp. 110–26Google Scholar.

43 Cowling (n. 29 above), p. 78.

44 Ibid., p. 34.

45 Ibid., p. 361.

46 The weakest point in Cowling's book is that, after she educates the reader as a radical skeptic of visual evidence, she leaves us with scant information about the writers or the artists to enable an evaluation of their relative significance. Even regarding Frith's social/political views one learns very little. In a reference to the possible affinity between Frith's views and those of a conservative critic, we are told: “Though a staunch republican, Frith was conservative in his views, and certainly shared the average middle-class person's fear of insurrection, or even, as he put it, of too much ‘liberty, equality, and fraternity’ of the lower classes” (ibid., p. 334).

47 Cowling, p. 39. See also Goring, Charles, English Convict: A Statistical Study to Which Is Added the Schedule of Measurements and General Anthropological Data (London, 1913)Google Scholar.

48 Which is supposedly “the natural outcome of living in a scientific age.” See Cowling, p. 93.

49 Ibid., p. 227.

50 Rejlander appears in almost all accounts on nineteenth-century photography. Especially good is Jones, Edgar Y., Father of Art Photography: O. G. Rejlander, 1831–1875 (New York, 1973)Google Scholar. Also see Barkan, E., “Promiscuity: Greek Ethics and Primitive Exemplars,” in Prehistories of the Future, Barkan, E. and Bush, Ronald, ed. (Stanford, 1994)Google Scholar.

51 E. Barkan, “Benin Art and the Dialectics of Modernism” (unpublished manuscript).

52 Mack (n. 29 above), p. 28.

53 Illustration facing p. 86, in ibid. Torday also referred to the Mbala (northern Zaire) as the most primitive of all, and the only surprising technological aspect of their life was the bow, which was “absolutely above their intelligence”; he referred to cannibalism as purely part of a diet (ibid., p. 36).

54 Ibid., p. 19.

55 Ibid., p. 38.

56 Ibid., p. 67.

57 Torday, Emil, On the Trail of the Bushongo: An Account of a Remarkable and Hitherto Unknown African People … Derived from the Author's Personal Experience among Them (London, 1925), p. 193Google Scholar.

58 Price (n. 3 above).

59 Mack, p. 46.

60 Ezra, Compare Kate, Royal Art of Benin: The Perls Collection (New York, 1992)Google Scholar.

61 Mack, pp. 50–51. Unfortunately, Mack leaves much of the visual representations as illustrations to the story rather than as the focus of the narrative.

62 Ibid., p. 40.

63 Torday (n. 57 above), pp. 86–88.

64 Compare Price (n. 32 above).