Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-ttngx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-23T19:18:52.039Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Breaking the misery wheel? Fertility control, social mobility, and biological well-being in rural Spain (1835–1959)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 May 2024

Francisco J. Marco-Gracia Open the ORCID record for Francisco J. Marco-Gracia [Opens in a new window]  and
Ángel Luis González-Esteban Open the ORCID record for Ángel Luis González-Esteban [Opens in a new window]
Francisco J. Marco-Gracia*
Affiliation:
Department of Applied Economics, Universidad de Zaragoza and Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, IA2 (UNIZAR-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
Ángel Luis González-Esteban
Affiliation:
Department of Applied Economics and Economic History, National University of Distance Education (UNED), Madrid, Spain
*
Corresponding author: Francisco J. Marco-Gracia; Email: fmarcog@unizar.es
Get access

Abstract

Fertility control strategies became widespread in rural Spain through the twentieth century: a significant number of parents decided to reduce their marital fertility once the advantages of control strategies became widely known. This paper explores the impact of those practices on children through a comparative study of the heights and occupations of grandparents, parents, and children. We analyze more than 1,200 individuals from three different generations born between 1835 and 1959 in 14 rural Spanish villages, studying whether the advantages associated with fertility control were maintained over time favoring a better family status or whether they were diluted in the next generation. The largest increases in height were among children whose parents controlled their fertility by stopping having children before the mother's 36th birthday. However, it does not seem that this increase in biological well-being was accompanied by major episodes of upward social mobility.

Keywords

heightsfertility controlsocial mobilityintergenerational analysisthree-generation analysis

JEL classification

D6: Welfare Economics J10: General I14: Health and Inequality
Type
Research Paper
Information
Journal of Demographic Economics , First View , pp. 1 - 38
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press in association with Université catholique de Louvain

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akachi, Y., & Canning, D. (2007). The height of women in sub-Saharan Africa: the role of health, nutrition, and income in childhood. Annals of Human Biology, 34(4), 397–410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alter, G., Neven, M., & Oris, M. (2004). Stature in transition: a micro-level study from nineteenth-century Belgium. Social Science History, 28(2), 231–247. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0145553200013146Google Scholar
Altman, D. G., & Bland, J. M. (2005). Standard deviations and standard errors. British Medical Journal, 331(7521), 903. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.331.7521.903CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angrist, V. L., & Schlosser, A. (2010). Multiple experiments for the causal link between the quantity and quality of children. Journal of Labor Economics, 28(4), 773–824.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayuda, M. I., & Puche-Gil, J. (2014). Determinants of height and biological inequality in Mediterranean Spain, 1859–1967. Economics and Human Biology, 15, 101–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2014.07.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baudin, T. (2010). A role for cultural transmission in fertility transitions. Macroeconomic Dynamics, 14, 454–481. doi:10.1017/S1365100509090403CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baymul, C., & Sen, K. (2020). Was Kuznets right? New evidence on the relationship between structural transformation and inequality. The Journal of Development Studies, 56(9), 1643–1662. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2019.1702161CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, G. (1960). An Economic Analysis of Fertility. NBER Chapters. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://econpapers.repec.org/bookchap/nbrnberch/2387.htmGoogle Scholar
Becker, G., & Lewis, H. G. (1973). On the interaction between the quantity and quality of children. Journal of Political Economy, 81(2), S279–S288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, G., & Tomes, N. (1986). Human capital and the rise and fall of families. Journal of Labor Economics, 4(3), S1–39. https://doi.org/10.1086/298118CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beenstock, M. (2012). Heredity, family, and inequality: A critique of social sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bielicki, T., & Charzewski, J. (1983). Body height and upward social mobility. Annals of Human Biology, 10(5), 403–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014468300006591CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bielicki, T., & Szklarska, A. (2000). Are social-class differences in stature partly genetic? A hypothesis revisited. American Journal of Human Biology, 12(1), 97–101. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6300(200001/02)123.0.CO;2-G>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bjorklund, A., & Jantti, M. (2000). Intergenerational mobility of socio-economic status in comparative perspective. Nordic Journal of Political Economy, 26, 3–32.Google Scholar
Bjorklund, A., Jantti, M., & Solon, G. (2007). Nature and nurture in the intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic status: evidence from Swedish children and their biological and rearing parents. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy, 7(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3386/w12985Google Scholar
Black, S. E., Devereux, P. G., & Salvanes, K. G. (2005). The more the merrier? The effect of family composition on children's education. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120(2), 669–700.Google Scholar
Blake, J. (2022). Family size and achievement. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bogin, B. (2020). Patterns of human growth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogin, B. A., & MacVean, R. B. (1978). Growth in height and weight of urban Guatemalan primary school children of low and high socioeconomic class. Human Biology, 50(4), 477–487.Google ScholarPubMed
Bol, T., & Kalmijn, M. (2016). Grandparents resources and grandchildrens schooling: does grandparental involvement moderate the grandparent effect? Social Science Research, 55, 155–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.09.011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bras, H., Kok, J., & Mandemakers, K. (2010). Sibship size and status attainment across contexts: evidence from the Netherlands, 1840–1925. Demographic Research, 23, 73–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braun, S. T., & Stuhler, J. (2018). The transmission of inequality across multiple generations: testing recent theories with evidence from Germany. The Economic Journal, 128(609), 576–611. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12453CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brée, S., & de la Croix, D. (2019). Key forces behind the decline of fertility: lessons from childlessness in Rouen before the industrial revolution. Cliometrica, 13, 25–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11698-017-0166-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brody, G. H. (2004). Siblings direct and indirect contributions to child development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(3), 124–126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00289.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cámara, A. D., Martínez-Carrión, J. M., Puche, J., & Ramon-Muñoz, J. M. (2019). Height and inequality in Spain: a long-term perspective. Revista de Historia Economica – Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History, 37(2), 205–238. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0212610919000089CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Candela-Martínez, B., Salvador Ramallo-Ros, S., Cañabate, J., & Martínez- Carrión, J. M. (2022). Month of birth and height. A case study in rural Spain. Economics & Human Biology, 47, 101157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cernerud, L. (1995). Height and social mobility. A study of the height of 10 year olds in relation to socio-economic background and type of formal schooling. Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine, 23(1), 28–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/140349489502300106CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, T. W., & Boliver, V. (2013). The grandparents effect in social mobility: evidence from British birth cohort studies. American Sociological Review, 78(4), 662–678. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122413489130CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, G. (2014). The son also rises: Surnames and the history of social mobility. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Clark, G., & Cummins, N. (2015). Intergenerational wealth mobility in England, 1858–2012: surnames and social mobility. The Economic Journal, 125(582), 61–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12165CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conley, D., & Glauber, R. (2006). Parental educational investment and children's academic risk: estimates of the impact of sibship size and birth order from exogenous variation in fertility. The Journal of Human Resources, 41(4), 722–737.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corak, M. (2013). Income inequality, equality of opportunity, and intergenerational mobility. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27(3), 79–102. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.27.3.79CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, L. (2014). Nutrition, the biological standard of living, and cliometrics. In Diebolt, C., & Haupert, M. (Eds.), Handbook of cliometrics (pp. 1153–1171). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Crimmins, E. M., & Finch, C. E. (2006). Infection, inflammation, height, and longevity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(2), 498–503. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0501470103CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cussó, X., & Garrabou, R. (2007). La transición nutricional en la España contemporánea: las variaciones en el consumo de pan, patatas y legumbres (1850–2000). Investigaciones de Historia Económica, 3(7), 69–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1698-6989(07)70184-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Czapla, Z., Liczbińska, G., & Piontek, J. (2017). Body mass index values in the Gentry and peasantry in nineteenth and early twentieth century Poland. Journal of Biosocial Science, 49(3), 364–379. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932016000481CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalgaard, C.-J., & Strulik, H. (2013). The history augmented Solow model. European Economic Review, 63, 134–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2013.07.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davey Smith, G., Hart, C., Hole, D., MacKinnon, P., Gillis, C., Watt, G., Blane, D., & Hawthorne, V. (1998). Education and occupational social class: which is the more important indicator of mortality risk? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 52(3), 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.52.3.153CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de la Croix, D., & Licandro, O. (2013). The child is father of the man: implications for the demographic transition. The Economic Journal, 123(567), 236–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doepke, M., Hannusch, A., Kindermann, F., & Tertilt, M. (2023). The economics of fertility: a new era. In Lundberg, S., & Voena, A. (eds.), Handbook of the economics of the family (pp. 151–254). Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Drever, F., Whitehead, M., & Roden, M. (1996). Current patterns and trends in male mortality by social class (based on occupation). Population Trends, 86, 15–20.Google Scholar
Dribe, M., & Helgertz, J. (2016). The lasting impact of grandfathers: class, occupational status, and earnings over three generations in Sweden 1815–2011. The Journal of Economic History, 76(4), 969–1000. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050716000991CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eveleth, P., & Tanner, J. (1990). Worldwide variation in human growth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fleury, M., & Henry, L. (1956). Des registres paroissiaux à lhistoire de la population : manuel de dépouillement et dexploitation de létat civil ancien – Présentation dune publication de lI.N.E.D. Population, 11(1), 142–144. https://doi.org/10.2307/1525715Google Scholar
Galor, O. (2010). Unified growth theory. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Galor, O. (2022). The journey of humanity: The origins of wealth and inequality. New York: Dutton.Google Scholar
Galor, O., & Weil, D. N. (2000). Population, technology, and growth: from Malthusian stagnation to the demographic transition and beyond. American Economic Review, 90(4), 806–828. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.4.806CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Germán, L. (2012). Historia Económica Del Aragón Contemporáneo. Zaragoza: Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza.Google Scholar
Goldstein, H. (1971). Factors influencing the height of seven year old children–results from the national child development study. Human Biology, 43(1), 92–111.Google ScholarPubMed
González-Leonardo, M., & Gay, A. L. (2021). Del éxodo rural al éxodo interurbano de titulados universitarios: la segunda oleada de despoblación. Ager: Revista de estudios sobre despoblación y desarrollo rural = Journal of depopulation and rural development studies 31, 7–42.Google Scholar
Grasgruber, P., & Hrazdíra, E. (2020). Nutritional and socio-economic predictors of adult height in 152 world populations. Economics and Human Biology, 37, 100848.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grasgruber, P., Cacek, J., Kalina, T., & Sebera, M. (2014). The role of nutrition and genetics as key determinants of the positive height trend. Economics and Human Biology, 15, 81–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2014.07.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hällsten, M. (2014). Inequality across three and four generations in Egalitarian Sweden: 1st and 2nd cousin correlations in socio-economic outcomes. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 35, 19–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2013.09.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanushek, E. A. (1992). The trade-off between child quantity and quality. Journal of Political Economy, 100(1), 84–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, C., McConnachie, A., Upton, M., & Watt, G. (2008). Risk factors in the midspan family study by social class in childhood and adulthood. International Journal of Epidemiology, 37(3), 604–614. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyn052CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hatton, T. J. (2014). How have Europeans grown so tall? Oxford Economic Papers, 66(2), 349–372. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpt030CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatton, T. J., & Martin, R. M. (2010). Fertility decline and the heights of children in Britain, 1886–1938. Explorations in Economic History, 47(4), 505–519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helgertz, J., & Dribe, M. (2022). Do grandfathers matter for occupational and earnings attainment? Evidence from Swedish register data. European Sociological Review, 38(1), 54–72. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcab029CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hertel, F. R., & Groh-Samberg, O. (2014). Class mobility across three generations in the U.S. and Germany. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 35(1), 35–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2013.09.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hionidou, V. (1998). The adoption of fertility control on Mykonos, 1879–1959: stopping, spacing or both? Population Studies, 52(1), 67–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hodge, R. W. (1966). Occupational mobility as a probability process. Demography, 3(1), 19–34. https://doi.org/10.2307/2060061CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaeger, M. M. (2012). The extended family and childrens educational success. American Sociological Review, 77(6), 903–922. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122412464040CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klemp, M., & Weisdorf, J. (2018). Fecundity, fertility and the formation of human capital. The Economic Journal, 129, 925–960.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knodel, J. (1987). Starting, stopping, and spacing during the early stages of fertility transition: the experience of German village populations in the 18th and 19th centuries. Demography, 24(2), 143–162. https://doi.org/10.2307/2061627CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Komlos, J. (2009). Anthropometric history: an overview of a quarter century of research. Anthropologischer Anzeiger: Journal of Biological and Clinical Anthropology, 67(4), 343–356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Komlos, J., & Baten, J. (2004). Looking backward and looking forward. Anthropometric research and the development of social science history. Social Science History, 28(2), 191–210.Google Scholar
Komlos, J., & Kelly, I. (2016). The oxford handbook of economics and human biology. Oxford University Press: Oxford, United Kingdom.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krzyżanowska, M., & Mascie-Taylor, C. G. N. (2011). Intra- and intergenerational social mobility in relation to height, weight and body mass index in a British national cohort. Journal of Biosocial Science, 43(5), 611–618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kues, A. B. (2010). Taller – healthier – more equal? The biological standard of living in Switzerland in the second half of the 20th century. Economics and Human Biology, 8(1), 67–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2009.09.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. American Economic Review, 45, 1–28.Google Scholar
Lasker, G. W., & Mascie-Taylor, C. G. N. (1989). Effects of social class differences and social mobility on growth in height, weight and body mass index in a British cohort. Annals of Human Biology, 16(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014468900000102CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, H., Zhang, J., & Zhu, Y. (2008). The quantity–quality trade-off of children in a developing country: identification using Chinese twins. Demography, 45(1), 223–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindahl, M., Palme, M., Massih, S. S., & Sjögren, A. (2015). Long-term intergenerational persistence of human capital: an empirical analysis of four generations. The Journal of Human Resources, 50(1), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.50.1.1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Long, J., & Ferrie, J. (2013). Intergenerational occupational mobility in Great Britain and the United States since 1850. American Economic Review, 103(4), 1109–1137. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.4.1109CrossRefGoogle Scholar
López-Alonso, M. (2007). Growth with inequality: living standards in Mexico, 1850–1950. Journal of Latin American Studies, 39(1), 81–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
López-Alonso, M. (2012). Measuring up: A history of living standards in Mexico, 1850–1950. Redwood City, CA: Standford University Press.Google Scholar
Lucas Sánchez, R., Brotons, J. L. B., & García, F. M. (1987). Planificación Familiar: Resultados de una Encuesta en el Medio Rural. Gaceta Sanitaria, 1, 23–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0213-9111(87)70876-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lundborg, P., Nystedt, P., & Rooth, D.-O. (2014). Height and earnings: the role cognitive and noncognitive skills. Journal of Human Resources, 49(1), 141–166. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhr.2014.0006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madsen, J. B., Islam, R., & Tang, X. (2020). Was the post-1870 fertility transition a key contributor to growth in the west in the twentieth century? Journal of Economic Growth, 25(4), 431–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-020-09183-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marco-Gracia, F. J. (2017). Los solteros frente a su destino. Vida y muerte de las solteras y los solteros rurales en el valle del Ebro (1700-2012). Revista de Demografía Histórica-Journal of Iberoamerican Population Studies 35(1), 121–148.Google Scholar
Marco-Gracia, F. J. (2018). How was the fertility transition carried out? Analysis of fertility control strategies and their evolution in rural Aragon, Spain (1880–1955). Historia Agraria, 76, 221–250. https://doi.org/10.26882/histagrar.076e06mGoogle Scholar
Marco-Gracia, F. J. (2021). Adapting family size and composition: childhood mortality and human agency in fertility decisions in rural Spain, 1750–1949. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 51(4), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01626CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marco-Gracia, F. J., & Beltrán Tapia, F. J. (2021). Son preference, gender discrimination, and missing girls in rural Spain, 1750–1950. Population and Development Review, 47(3), 665–689. https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12406CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marco-Gracia, F. J., & González-Esteban, Á. L. (2021). Did parental care in early life affect height? Evidence from rural Spain (19th–20th centuries). Social Science and Medicine, 287, 114394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114394CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marco-Gracia, F. J., & López-Antón, M. (2021). Rethinking the fertility transition in rural Aragón (Spain) using height data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8338. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168338CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marco-Gracia, F. J., & Puche, J. (2021). The association between male height and lifespan in rural Spain, birth cohorts 1835–1939. Economics and Human Biology, 43, 101022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2021.101022CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mare, R. D. (2011). A multigenerational view of inequality. Demography, 48(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-011-0014-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martínez Carrión, J. M., Hueso, A. D. C., & Castroviejo, P. M. P. (2016). Parámetros antropométricos de los reclutas españoles antes de la transición nutricional. análisis de las desigualdades territoriales (1858–1913). Nutrición Hospitalaria, 6(33), 1477–1486. https://doi.org/10.20960/nh.812Google Scholar
Mascie-Taylor, C. G. (1984). The interaction between geographical and social mobility. In Boyce, A. J. (Ed.), Migration and mobility, biosocial aspects of human movement: Symposia of the society for the study of human biology (Vol. 23, pp. 161–178). London and Philadelphia: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
McDonald, P. (1984). Nuptiality and completed fertility: a study of starting, stopping and spacing behaviour. Comparative Studies, 35, 1–65.Google Scholar
McEvoy, B. P., & Visscher, P. M. (2009). Genetics of human height. Economics and Human Biology, 7(3), 294–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2009.09.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLaren, A. (1992). A history of contraception: From antiquity to the present day. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Modin, B., & Fritzell, J. (2009). The long arm of the family: are parental and grandparental earnings related to young mens body mass index and cognitive ability? International Journal of Epidemiology, 38(3), 733–744. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyp001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Öberg, S. (2017). Too many is not enough: studying how children are affected by their number of siblings and resource dilution in families. The History of the Family, 22(2–3), 157–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2017.1302890CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olivier, G. (1977). Hypothèse Sur La Cause Des Différences Biologiques Entre Les Categories Sociales. LAnthropologie, 81, 579–600.Google Scholar
Parish, W. L., & Willis, R. J. (1993). Daughters, education, and family budgets: Taiwan experiences. The Journal of Human Resources, 28(4), 863–898.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peck, M. N. (1992). Childhood environment, intergenerational mobility, and adult health–evidence from Swedish data. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 46(1), 71–74. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.46.1.71CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peck, M. N., & Lundberg, O. (1995). Short stature as an effect of economic and social conditions in childhood. Social Science and Medicine, 41(5), 733–738. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)00379-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pfeffer, F. T., & Hällsten, M. (2012). Mobility regimes and parental wealth: the United States, Germany, and Sweden in comparison. SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research, 500, 1–43. https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/diwdiwsop/diw_5fsp500.htmGoogle Scholar
Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the twenty-first century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Puell de la Villa, F. (1996). El Soldado Desconocido: De La Leva a La Mili (1700–1912). Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva.Google Scholar
Ramón-Muñoz, J.-M. (2011). Industrialización, urbanización y bienestar biológico en Cataluña, 1840–1935: una aproximación antropométrica. Revista de Historia Industrial, 46, 41–71.Google Scholar
Reher, D. S. (2004). The demographic transition revisited as a global process. Population, Space and Place, 10(1), 19–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.313CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reher, D. S., & Sanz-Gimeno, A. (2007). Rethinking historical reproductive change: insights from longitudinal data for a Spanish town. Population and Development Review, 33(4), 703–727. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2007.00194.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riswick, T., & Engelen, T. (2018). Siblings and life transitions: investigating the resource dilution hypothesis across historical contexts and outcomes. The History of the Family, 23(4), 521–532. https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2018.1532309CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenzweig, M., & Zhang, J. (2009). Do population control policies induce more human capital investment? Twins, birth weight and China's “one-child” policy. The Review of Economic Studies 76(3), 1149–1174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenzweig, M. R., & Wolpin, K. I. (1980). Testing the quantity-quality fertility model: the use of twins as a natural experiment. Econometrica, 48(1), 227–240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruíz-Salguero, M. T. (2002). La regulación de la fecundidad: un estudio demográfico de la anticoncepción. La esterilización, el aborto y el tratamiento de la esterilidad en España. Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona.Google Scholar
Santow, G. (1995). Coitus interruptus and the control of natural fertility. Population Studies, 49(1), 19–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000148226CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanz-Gimeno, A., & González-Quiñones, F. (2001). Las mujeres y el control de la fecundidad. Propuesta metodológica para su identificación durante la transición demográfica. Revista de Demografía Histórica, XIX(II), 57–78.Google Scholar
Schmidt, I. M., Jørgensen, M. H., & Michaelsen, K. F. (1995). Height of conscripts in Europe: is postneonatal mortality a predictor? Annals of Human Biology, 22(1), 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014469500003702CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schoch, T., Staub, K., & Pfister, C. (2012). Social inequality and the biological standard of living: an anthropometric analysis of Swiss conscription data, 1875–1950. Economics and Human Biology, 10(2), 154–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2011.05.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schreider, E. (1967). Possible selective mechanism of social differentiation in biological traits. Human Biology, 39(1), 14–20.Google ScholarPubMed
Schumacher, A., & Knußmann, R. (1979). Are the differences in stature between social classes a modification or an assortment effect? Journal of Human Evolution, 8(8), 809–812. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484(79)90013-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sear, R., & Coall, D. (2011). How much does family matter? Cooperative breeding and the demographic transition. Population and Development Review, 37(Suppl 1), 81–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2011.00379.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sear, R., & Mace, R. (2008). Who keeps children alive? A review of the effects of kin on child survival. Evolution and Human Behavior, 29(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.10.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seccombe, W. (1992). Working-class fertility decline in Britain: reply. Past and Present, 134, 207–211. https://doi.org/10.1093/past/134.1.207CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silventoinen, K. (2003). Determinants of variation in adult body height. Journal of Biosocial Science, 35(2), 263–285. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021932003002633CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solon, G. (2014). Theoretical models of inequality transmission across multiple generations. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 35(1), 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2013.09.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steckel, R. H. (2008). Biological measures of the standard of living. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22(1), 129–152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steckel, R. H. (2019). Anthropometrics. In Diebolt, C., & Haupert, M. (Eds.), Handbook of cliometrics (pp. 1153–1171). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanner, J. M. (1966). Galtonian eugenics and the study of growth: the relation of body size, intelligence test score, and social circumstances in children and adults. The Eugenics Review, 58(3), 122–135.Google Scholar
Tanner, J. M. (1978). Foetus into man: Physical growth from conception to maturity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Thomson, A. M. (1959). Maternal stature and reproductive efficiency. The Eugenics Review, 51(3), 157–162.Google ScholarPubMed
Van Bavel, J. (2004). Detecting stopping and spacing behaviour in historical demography. A critical review of methods. Population, 59(1), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.2307/3654930CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Bavel, J. (2005). The effect of fertility limitation on intergenerational social mobility: the quality–quantity trade-off during the demographic transition. Journal of Biosocial Science, 38(4), 553–569.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Bavel, J., Moreels, S., Van de Putte, B., & Matthijs, K. (2011). Family size and intergenerational social mobility during the fertility transition: evidence of resource dilution from the city of Antwerp in nineteenth century Belgium. Demographic Research, 24, 313–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van de Walle, E. (1992). Fertility transition, conscious choice, and numeracy. Demography, 29(4), 487–502. https://doi.org/10.2307/2061848CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Venkataramani, A. S. (2011). The intergenerational transmission of height: evidence from rural Vietnam. Health Economics, 20(12), 1448–1467. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.1688CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Victora, C. G., Onis, M., Hallal, P. C., Blössner, M., & Shrimpton, R. (2010). Worldwide timing of growth faltering: revisiting implications for interventions. Pediatrics, 125(3), e473–e480. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-1519CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Voigtländer, N., & Voth, H.-J. (2006). Why England? Demographic factors, structural change and physical capital accumulation during the industrial revolution. Journal of Economic Growth, 11(4), 319–361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-006-9007-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, J. R., & Hauser, R. M. (1997). Social stratification across three generations: new evidence from the Wisconsin longitudinal study. American Sociological Review, 62(4), 561–572. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657426CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webb, E. A., Kuh, D., Pajak, A., Kubinova, R., Malyutina, S., & Bobak, M. (2008). Estimation of secular trends in adult height, and childhood socioeconomic circumstances in three eastern European populations. Economics and Human Biology, 6(2), 228–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2008.03.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, N., & Hughes, C. (2017). Why siblings matter: The role of brother and sister relationships in development and well-being. Abingdon: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolbers, M. H. J., & Ultee, W. C. (2013). Driegeneraties- en tweeoudersvragen over het opleidingsniveau van mannen en vrouwen in Nederland. Mens Maatsch, 88(3), 276–299. https://doi.org/10.5117/MEM2013.3.WOLBCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yamaguchi, K., & Ferguson, L. R. (1995). The stopping and spacing of childbirths and their birth-history predictors: rational-choice theory and event-history analysis. American Sociological Review, 60(2), 272–298. https://doi.org/10.2307/2096387CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeng, Z., & Xie, Y. (2014). The effects of grandparents on childrens schooling: evidence from rural China. Demography, 51(2), 599–617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-013-0275-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimmerman, D. J. (1992). Regression toward mediocrity in economic stature. The American Economic Review, 82(3), 409–429.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Marco-Gracia and González-Esteban supplementary material

Marco-Gracia and González-Esteban supplementary material
Download Marco-Gracia and González-Esteban supplementary material(File)
File 22.5 KB