^{page 141 note 1} Baethgen, F. printed a number of documents in his paper ‘Quellen und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der päpstlichen Hof- und Finanzverwaltung unter Bonifaz VIII’ in Quellen und Forschungen aus Italienischen Archiven, xx (1928–9)Google Scholar; it is curious that this register escaped his notice. W. E. Lunt uses little unprinted material from the Vatican in his Papal Revenues in the Middle Ages, New York 1934Google Scholar. Theiner, A. (Codex Diplomaticus Dominii Temporalis S. Sedis, Rome 1861, i, 320–1Google Scholar) prints a document which includes the text of four letters of Nicholas of Trevi, camerarius to Nicholas IV, written in 1291. Three of these letters are receipts for papal revenues, while the other gives details of payments made to bankers from the profits of the duchy of Spoleto.

^{page 142 note 1} There is a very short curriculum vitae of Theoderic, with references, in my Mediaeval Orvieto, Cambridge 1952, 156–Google Scholar7. The date given there for his appointment as chamberlain is corrected here.

^{page 142 note 2} The exact date of this appointment is unknown: the first reference to Theoderic as camerarius seems to be on 3 April 1295 (Muratori, L. A., Antiquitates Italicae Medii Aevi, Milan 1738–42, ii. 819Google Scholar).

^{page 142 note 3} Les Registres de Boniface VIII, ed. Digard, Thomas, Faucon, Fawtier, Paris 1890–1939) n.3344. Hugh, bishop of Ostia and Velletri, is occasionally referred to as camerarius with Theoderic (ibid., n.1549): he was however the camerarius of the college of cardinals (ibid., n.3737: Baumgarten, P. M., Untersuchungen und Urkunden über die Camera Collegii Cardinalium, Leipzig 1898, li)Google Scholar.

^{page 142 note 4} Vatican Archive, Collectorie n.446 (expenditure and revenue, January 1299–January 1300) is headed ‘venerabile viro domino cardinale Theodorico camerario existente’. John of Anagni is chamberlain in May 1300 (Regestum Clementis Papae V, Rome 1885–8, i. 214).

^{page 142 note 5} See especially Finke, op. cit., xlvi, lviii, cciii.

To this register may be added the following letters and acta of Theoderic:

1. Two letters of 1287–8, when Theoderic was a papal tax-collector in France, now in the Bibliothèque Nationale (P. Fabre, Etude sur le Liber Censuum, Paris 1892, 165 n.).

2. Two letters of 8 April 1295 to the vicar in the March of Ancona and to the commune of St. Vittoria in the same province, instructing them to hold the fortress of Torre di Aimone for the Church (Acquacotta, C., Memorie di Matelica, Ancona 1838, docs. 90–91Google Scholar).

3. Three letters to Orvieto, of 1299, 1302 and 1303, mentioned in the riformanze of that city: these letters respectively urge Orvieto to war in the papal interest, give it secret information that the pope is considering the grant to it of the Aldobrandeschine contado, and tell it of Boniface's escape after the outrage of Anagni (Waley, Mediaeval Orvieto, Cambridge 1952, 72–3, 75, 156–7).

4. Two letters to Viterbo, one of 1299 written as Rector of the Tuscan Patrimony, excusing the city payment of tallia militum and tolls at Montefiascone, another of 16 September 1300 granting Viterbo timber in gratitude for assistance given him as Captain of the Patrimony against Montefiascone and Bagnorea (C. Pinzi, Storia di Viterbo, Rome 1887–1913, iii. 32n., 40).

5. Statutes issued to Benevento, between June 1299 and August 1300 (see Quellen u. Forschungen aus Italien. Archiven, xxiii (1931–2), 117).

^{page 143 note 1} The best account of the office at this period is in Rusch, B., Die Behörden und Hofbeamten der päpstlichen Kurie des 13 Jahrhunderts, Königsberg 1936, 20–38Google Scholar. See also Lunt, op. cit., i. 15–25.

^{page 143 note 2} See H. Finke, Aus den Tagen Bonifaz VIII, Münster 1902, xl.

^{page 143 note 3} Theiner, op. cit., i. doc. cccclxviii. A measure of c. 1233 (see Zeitscrift fur Kirchengeschichte, xlv (1926), 192Google Scholar) allotted one-third of the profits of papal provinces to the cardinals, but this decree does not seem to have been put into effect.

^{page 143 note 4} Les Registres de Nicolas IV, ed. Langlois, , Paris 1886–96Google Scholar, nn. 7288 (purchase of demesne) and 4477–87 and 5411–2 (sale of right to elect Podestà): Carte Diplomatiche Iesine, ed. A. Gianandrea, Ancona 1884, doc. ccxiv (the papal camerarius to the rector of the March of Ancona, 1283).

^{page 143 note 5} Theiner, op. cit., i. docs, ccccv, ccccix, ccccxiii, ccccxvi, ccccxxx, (the camera pays troops in the Romagna, 1282–4): Les Registres d'Urbain IV, ed. Guiraud, Paris 1901–29, n.880 (the pope instructs the castellan of a papal fortress to hand over his armaments to the camera, 1264).

^{page 143 note 6} G. Mollat, Les Papes d'Avignon, ed. 9, Paris 1950, 9–11: Theiner, op. cit., doc. ccclix (arrangements for Curia's stay at Viterbo, 1278).

^{page 143 note 7} Quellen u. Forschungen aus Ital. Archiven, xxiii (1931–2). 114 nGoogle Scholar.

^{page 144 note 1} Richard of St. Germano, RR.II.SS., n.s. vii, 26 (1208): Ficker, J., Forschungen zur Reichs- und Rechtsgeschichte Italiens, Innsbruck 1868–74Google Scholar, iv. doc. 225 and Amelia, Archivio Comunale, perg. n. 2 (negotiations at Perugia and Amelia, 1210): Theiner, i. doc. lviii (Perugia, 1214): Liber Censuum, i. 459–61 (terms with Narni, 1216).

^{page 144 note 2} Theiner, i. doc. cccxcii. This camerarius was then titular rector of the province of the Campagna and Marittima, though he was represented by a vicar.

^{page 144 note 3} Liber Censuum, i. 596 (doc. 363): Registres de Nicolas IV, n. 4750.

^{page 144 note 4} Only n. 23 provides a possible exception to this generalisation.

^{page 145 note 1} Registres de Boniface VIII, nn. 4087, 4317, 4330, 4509, 4688, 4728: Les Registres de Benoît XI, ed. C. Grandjean, Paris 1883–1905, nn. 34, 240, 592, 677, 812, 882, 884, 903, 1119, 1238.

^{page 145 note 2} Registres de Benoît XI, n. 592: Pinzi, Storia di Viterbo, iii. 49–50 (Theoderic's successor, John of Spoleto, orders an investigation into allegations of heresy at Viterbo).

^{page 145 note 3} Regestum Clementis Papae V, Rome 1885–8, n. 4444: ‘administrationem recipiendi dona, fructus, debita, census et quecunque alia obvenientia nobis et camere nostre, et ex ipsis dispensandi, expendendi et administrandi nobis et hospicio familie ac curie nostre et ecclesie Romane’. The letter implies that Bertrand had carried out these functions since Clement became pope in 1305, yet he had only been camerarius since 1307. It is so improbable that Bertrand could have been fully in charge of such matters while another man (cardinal Arnold of St. Marcellus) was camerarius that it seems safe to use this letter as a description of the duties of that office.

^{page 145 note 4} ‘Le conseiller le plus entendu et le plus intime du pape’ (Mollat, G., Les Papes d'Avignon, ed. 9, Paris 1950, 450)Google Scholar; ‘le premier ministre du pape’ (Renouard, Y., Les Relations des Papes d'Avignon et des Compagnies Commerciales et Bancaires de 1316 à 1378, Paris 1941, 5)Google Scholar.

^{page 146 note 1} Jordan, E., De Mercatoribus Camerae Apostolicae saec. XIII, Rennes 1909Google Scholar: ‘Manifestum igitur, mercatores apud cameram receptorum et expensorum munus gessisse, praesidente camerario et omnia moderante’. The same work mentions (especially on pp. 52–3 and 61) the rôle of the chamberlain vis-à-vis the bankers, yet it does not comment on the influence of this on the nature of the chamberlain's office.

^{page 146 note 2} As is pointed out by Jordan, op. cit., 53.

^{page 146 note 3} Renouard, op. cit., 5–6. Professor Renouard refers (5n.) to some surviving letters of the Avignon period, mainly of 1371. He himself prints (625) a letter from the camerarius of 1368.

^{page 147 note 1} This is probably the modern Csorna, some 30 miles south of Bratislava.

^{page 147 note 2} Province of Viterbo (Italy). For Canino's response and the question of Rome's grain supply see below, 148.

^{page 147 note 3} This letter seems to provide the only evidence that Bertoldo Orsini was made rector of the Duchy in 1297; the appointment probably remained ineffective. The letter refers to ‘B’. Orsini and Bertoldo is the only possible identification.

^{page 147 note 4} This is Rostand de Gantelme, a member of a Provencal family prominent in the government of the Neapolitan kingdom during much of the Angevin period. His father, Jacques, had been Charles of Anjou's vicar at Rome and the family acquired the important fief of Sora. Rostand became a senator of Rome in 1298 (Registres de Boniface VIII, n. 2850b). His position is evidence of Boniface VIII's collaboration with Charles II of Naples during the War of the Sicilian Vespers.

^{page 148 note 1} John of Anagni was Theoderic's successor as chamberlain (see above, 142).

^{page 148 note 2} The word ‘Theodinus’ is illegible in the register, but there is a reference to Theodinus of Paringiano, castellan of Radicofani in Registres de Boniface VIII, n. 5459.

^{page 148 note 3} See above, letter 3. The Roman system of appointing grasciarii to secure adequate grain supplies for the city is described in de Boüard, A., Le Régime politique et les institutions de Rome au Moyen-Age (1252–1347), Paris 1920, 180–6Google Scholar. Papal co-operation in this was normally in the pope's interest, but the phrasing of the letter (‘grasciam … faciendam commisit ad suum beneplacitum vices suas’) gives an impression of papal control which is misleading. In 1283 Martin IV had attempted to oppose the operations of Rome's grasciarii in the Sabina and at Civitavecchia (Theiner, i. docs, ccccxxi–ii).

^{page 149 note 1} The papal Curia was at Orvieto by 7 June 1297 and remained there until the late autumn (Registres de Boniface VIII, iv. 101–2).

^{page 149 note 2} Easter Sunday in 1297 was 14 April. This abbot had been elected in February 1296 and in the following month had received papal permission to raise a loan (Registres de Boniface VIII, nn. 933, 936, 970).

^{page 149 note 3} For another reference to this official see letter 12.

^{page 149 note 4} The abbot incurred excommunication and suspension for failure to repay this debt and was only absolved and reinstated in October 1302, when he claimed that the abbey was suffering through his absence and that bankers were receiving all the revenues of the house (Registres de Boniface VIII, n. 4840).

^{page 150 note 1} Castro, formerly the seat of a bishop, is no longer in existence, but the place has given its name to an area west of Lake Bolsena. The castrum of Abbazia al Ponte was in the diocese of Castro. Capalbio lies between Castro and the Tyrrhenian.

^{page 150 note 2} In September 1296 this bishop promised to pay 1,000 florins pro communi servitio (Kirsch, J. P., Finanzverwaltung des Kardinalkollegiums, Münster 1895, 125Google Scholar).

^{page 151 note 1} For the grant of this fief on 18 January 1296 see Registres de Boniface VIII, nn. 5442–3.

^{page 151 note 2} The name of the recipient is omitted at the beginning of this letter but the words ‘priori predicatorum’ added at the end are probably intended to remedy this mistake.

^{page 152 note 1} Mt. xii. 34.

^{page 152 note 2} This bishop was elected in 1296 and on 20 May of that year received permission from the pope to borrow not more than 1,000 marks. In July 1296 he borrowed that amount from the Mozzi of Florence (Registres de Boniface VIII, nn. 1070, 1105, 1188). He paid the pope and cardinals 1,500 florins for servitia communa in 1296 and in 1297 was trying to find bankers in London to convey another 200 pounds to the Curia (Lunt, op. cit., i. 244). It is not clear how the prior of the Augustinians at Haverfordwest was involved in the matter of the bishop's indebtedness and excommunication.

^{page 152 note 3} Province of Viterbo.