Hostname: page-component-5c6d5d7d68-txr5j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-08-20T09:37:48.822Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Religious Comprehension in Scotland, 1689–1695

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2023

BEN ROGERS*
Affiliation:
School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland

Abstract

This article discusses how religious comprehension was promoted by the Scottish authorities after the revolution of 1688–9 to reach a compromise between the nation's two main religious groups: the Presbyterians and the Episcopalians. Unlike the failed attempt to enact comprehension in England in 1689, in Scotland five attempts were made from 1689 to 1694 to accommodate Episcopalians into the Church. The article argues that comprehension forced the Scots to confront the practical limits of their commitment to religious uniformity, and was central to their transition from a Reformed nation that cherished uniformity to one that begrudgingly accepted the existence of pluralism.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

For helpful comments on drafts of this article, I am grateful to Alasdair Raffe, Julian Goodare, Clare Loughlin, Ivar McGrath and this Journal's anonymous reviewer.

References

1 RPS, M1689/6/8.

2 Spurr, J., ‘The Church of England, comprehension and the toleration act of 1689’, EHR civ (1989), 927–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Walsh, A., ‘The decline of comprehension in the Church of England, 1689–1750’, Journal of British Studies lxi (2022), 702–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

3 Kaplan, B. J., Divided by faith: religious conflict and the practice of toleration in early modern Europe, Cambridge, Ma 2007, 811CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

4 See A. R. Murphy, ‘Early modern arguments for toleration’, in M. Sardoč (ed.), The Palgrave handbook of toleration, Cham 2022, 993–1007; van der Tol, M., Adenitire, J., Brown, C. and Kempson, E. S. (eds), From toleration to religious freedom: cross-disciplinary perspectives, Oxford 2021CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Johnson, N. D. and Koyama, M., Persecution and toleration: the long road to religious freedom, Cambridge 2019CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Walsham, A., Charitable hatred: tolerance and intolerance in England, 1500–1700, Manchester 2006Google Scholar.

5 The commission's report argued that wearing the surplice, kneeling at communion and the sign of the cross be made optional: Spurr, ‘The Church of England’, 927–35.

6 See Walsh, ‘The decline of comprehension’, 702–10; R. Thomas, ‘Comprehension and indulgence’, in G. F. Nuttall and O. Chadwick (eds), From uniformity to unity, 1662–1962, London 1962, 191–253; and Stevens, R., Protestant pluralism: the reception of the Toleration Act, 1689–1720, Woodbridge 2018, 1330CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

7 RPS, 1690/4/43.

8 B. P. Lenman, ‘The Scottish Episcopalian clergy and the ideology of Jacobitism’, in E. Cruickshanks (ed.), Ideology and conspiracy: aspects of Jacobitism, 1690–1759, Edinburgh 1982, 36–48; C. A. Whatley, ‘Reformed religion, regime change, Scottish Whigs and the struggle for the “soul” of Scotland, c. 1688–c. 1788’, SHR xcii (2013), 66–99; Raffe, A., ‘Scottish state oaths and the revolution of 1688–90’, in Adams, S. and Goodare, J. (eds), Scotland in the age of two revolutions, Woodbridge 2014, 173–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

9 English pamphlets that commented on Scotland include The danger of the Church of England, from a general assembly of Covenanters in Scotland, London 1690 (Wing D.179A), and The present state and condition of the clergy, and Church of Scotland, London 1690 (Wing P.3250A).

10 J. Stephen, Defending the revolution: the Church of Scotland, 1689–1716, Farnham 2013, ch. iii.

11 T. N. Clarke, ‘The Scottish Episcopalians, 1688–1720’, unpubl. PhD diss. Edinburgh 1987, ch. ii.

12 Raffe, A., The culture of controversy: religious arguments in Scotland, 1660–1714, Woodbridge 2012Google Scholar.

13 Muirhead, A. T. N., Scottish Presbyterianism re-established: the case of Stirling and Dunblane, 1687–1710, Edinburgh 2021, 143–57Google Scholar.

14 R. K. Frace, ‘The foundations of the Enlightenment: transformations in religious toleration, orthodoxy, and pluralism in early modern Scotland, 1660–1752’, unpubl. PhD diss. Chicago 2005, 133–58.

15 RPS, 1581/10/20; 1592/4/26.

16 Safley, T. M., ‘Multiconfessionalism: a brief introduction’, in T. M. Safley (ed.), A companion to multiconfessionalism in the early modern world, Leiden 2011, 714CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

17 A. R. MacDonald, The Jacobean Kirk, 1567–1625: sovereignty, polity and liturgy, Abingdon 1998, chs ii–vi; J. Buckroyd, Church and State in Scotland, 1660–1681, Edinburgh 1980, 47–56.

18 For a recent exploration of this topic see James, L., ‘This great firebrand’: William Laud and Scotland, 1617–1645, Woodbridge 2017, chs i, ivGoogle Scholar.

19 Stewart, L. A. M., Rethinking the Scottish revolution: covenanted Scotland, 1637–1651, Oxford 2016, chs i–vCrossRefGoogle Scholar.

20 A. Raffe, ‘Presbyterian politics and the restoration of Scottish Episcopacy’, in N. H. Keeble (ed.), ‘Settling the peace of the Church’: 1662 revisited, Oxford 2014, 144–67.

21 RPS, 1662/5/15.

22 RPS, 1663/6/19; 1670/7/11.

23 A. Raffe, ‘Who were the “later Covenanters?”’, in C. R. Langley (ed.), The National Covenant in Scotland, 1638–1689, Woodbridge 2020, 197–214; N. McIntyre, ‘Conventicles: organising dissent in Restoration Scotland’, SHR xcix (supplement) (2020), 429–53; Cowan, I. B., The Scottish covenanters, 1660–1688, London 1976, chs iv–viGoogle Scholar.

24 J. Walters, The National Covenant and the Solemn League and Covenant, 1660–1696, Woodbridge 2022, 170–7; M. Jardine, ‘The United Societies: militancy, martyrdom and the Presbyterian movement in late-Restoration Scotland’, unpubl. PhD diss. Edinburgh 2009, 15–51.

25 Raffe, A., ‘Presbyterians and Episcopalians: the formation of confessional cultures in Scotland, 1660–1715’, EHR cxxv (2010), 570–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

26 J. M. Hintermaier, ‘Liturgical reform during the Restoration: the untold story’, in A. I. Macinnes, P. Barton and K. German (eds), Scottish liturgical traditions and religious politics: from reformers to Jacobites, 1546–1764, Edinburgh 2021, 70–85.

27 RPS, 1689/3/108; Bowie, K., Public opinion in early modern Scotland, c.1560–1707, Cambridge 2020, 187–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

28 C. Jackson, ‘The later Stuart Church as “national Church” in Scotland and Ireland’, in G. Tapsell (ed.), The later Stuart Church, 1660–1714, Manchester 2012, 127–49.

29 G. DesBrisay, ‘Catholics, Quakers and religious persecution in Restoration Aberdeen’, Innes Review xlvii (1996), 136–68; R. S. Spurlock, Cromwell and Scotland: conquest and religion, 1650–1660, Edinburgh 2007, 2–5.

30 [Alexander Shields], A hind let loose: or, An historical representation of the testimonies, of the Church of Scotland, [Edinburgh] 1687 (Wing S.3431); C. Jackson, Restoration Scotland, 1660–1690: royalist politics, religion and ideas, Woodbridge 2003, ch. v.

31 Yould, G. M., ‘The duke of Lauderdale's religious policy in Scotland, 1668–79: the failure of conciliation and the return to coercion’, Journal of Religious History xi (1980), 248–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

32 [Robert McWard], The case of the accommodation lately proposed by the bishop of Dunblane, to the non-conforming ministers examined, [Rotterdam] 1671 (Wing M.231), 14–15; Greig, M., ‘Gilbert Burnet and the problem of non-conformity in Restoration Scotland and England’, Canadian Journal of History xxxii (1997), 124CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

33 M. Lee Jr., ‘Dearest brother’: Lauderdale, Tweeddale and Scottish politics, 1660–1674, Edinburgh 2010, 223–35; Raffe, Culture of controversy, 25.

34 A. P. Carter, ‘The Episcopal Church of Scotland, 1660–1685’, unpubl. PhD diss. St Andrews 2019, 136–42; T. N. Clarke, ‘Charteris, Laurence (c. 1625–1700)’, ODNB, at <https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/5178>.

35 Kaplan, Divided by faith, 8–11; Walsham, Charitable hatred, 3–7.

36 Carter, ‘Episcopal Church’, 136–68.

37 Raffe, A., ‘James vii's multiconfessional experiment and the Scottish revolution of 1688–89’, History c (2015), 354–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

38 G. Donaldson, ‘The emergence of schism in seventeenth-century Scotland’, in D. Baker (ed.), Schism, heresy and religious protest (Studies in Church History ix, 1972), 277–94.

39 Leven and Melville papers: letters and state papers chiefly addressed to George earl of Melville, secretary of state for Scotland, 1689–1691, Edinburgh 1843, 8.

40 RPS, 1689/3/116; Raffe, A., Scotland in revolution, 1685–1690, Edinburgh 2018, 141Google Scholar.

41 [Gilbert Rule], A true representation of Presbyterian church government, Edinburgh 1690 (Wing R.2229), 9. See also A brief and true account of the suffering of the Church of Scotland, occasioned by the Episcopalians since the year 1660, London 1690 (Wing B.4533); Whatley, ‘Reformed religion’, 66–72.

42 Leven and Melville papers, 126–7.

43 RPS, M1689/6/16.

44 J. Halliday, ‘The Club and the revolution in Scotland, 1688–90’, SHR v (1966), 146–59; RPS, 1689/6/36.

45 RPS, M1689/6/20.

46 RPS, 1681/7/29.

47 Raffe, Culture of controversy, 73–4.

48 [Rule], A true representation, 6.

49 RPS, 1690/4/43.

50 D. Onnekink, ‘The earl of Portland and Scotland (1689–99): a re-evaluation of Williamite policy’, SHR lxxxv (2006), 231–45; T. N. Clarke, ‘Carstares [Carstairs], William (1649–1715)’, ODNB, at <https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/4777>.

51 Leven and Melville papers, 337–8; Glassey, L. K. J., ‘William ii and the settlement of religion in Scotland, 1688–90’, Records of the Scottish Church History Society xlvii (1989), 317–29Google Scholar.

52 Clarke, ‘Scottish Episcopalians’, 79.

53 RPS, M1690/4/21.

54 RPS, 1690/4/119; Raffe, Scotland in revolution, 42.

55 Acts of the general assembly of the Church of Scotland, M.DC.XXXVIII.–M.DCCC.XLII, Edinburgh 1843, 228–32.

56 LPL, ms 690, fo. 64r. A copy of the report was coded by Archbishop John Tillotson of Canterbury into his correspondence. For a decoded version of the report see Birch, T., The life of the most reverend Dr John Tillotson, lord archbishop of Canterbury, London 1753, 284Google Scholar.

57 The Melville's, earl of Melville, and the Leslie's, earls of Leven, by Sir William Fraser in three volumes, Edinburgh 1890, ii. 51; NLS, Wodrow Octavo IV, fos 250v–251r.

58 NRS, CH12/12/1970.

59 James Canaries to Robert Wylie, 19 Oct. 1691, NLS, Wodrow Folio XXVI, fo. 311v.

60 Canaries to Wylie, 14 Nov. 1691, ibid. fos 318v–319r.

61 CSPD, 1691–2, 50–2; Raffe, ‘Scottish state oaths’, 173–91.

62 ‘The most memorable passages of the life and times of Mr J[ohn] B[ell] written by himself, 1706’, ed. J. Stephen, Miscellany of the Scottish History Society XIV, Woodbridge 2010, 215.

63 Clarke, ‘Scottish Episcopalians’, 18.

64 CSPD, 1691–2, 93–4; T. Maxwell, ‘The Church union attempt at the general assembly of 1692’, in D. Shaw (ed.), Reformation and revolution: essays presented to the Very Reverend Principal Emeritus Hugh Watt, D.D., D. Litt, Edinburgh 1967, 243.

65 NRS, GD40/14/21.

66 NLS, Wodrow Quarto LXXIII, fos 44r–46r.

67 NLS, ms 7036, fo. 40r; Clarke, ‘Charteris, Laurence’, ODNB, at <https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/5178>.

68 Frace, ‘Foundations of the Enlightenment’, 216–17.

69 EUL, La. II/89, fo. 348r.

70 ‘Most memorable passages’, 216.

71 Vindication of the address made by the Episcopal clergy to the general assembly of the Presbyterians anno MDCXCII, Edinburgh 1704, 131.

72 RPS, 1693/4/89; Raffe, ‘Scottish state oaths’, 186.

73 RPS, 1693/4/50.

74 State papers and letters addressed to William Carstares, confidential secretary to King William during the whole of his reign, Edinburgh 1776, 171.

75 James Johnston to Gilbert Burnet, 10 July 1693, Johnston letter book, NRS, SP3/1.

76 John Tillotson to William Bentinck, earl of Portland, 1 Aug. 1693, letters of Archbishop Tillotson, LPL, ms 690, fo. 69r. This letter was also coded by Tillotson. For a decoded version see Birch, John Tillotson, 280.

77 Wylie to Hamilton, 10 Dec. 1693, Hamilton correspondence, NRS, GD406/1/3866.

78 Robert Ker, earl of Lothian to Lady Lothian, 12 Mar. 1694, Lothian correspondence, NRS, GD40/2/8/81.

79 Acts of the general assembly, 239.

80 [William Strachan], Some remarks upon a late pamphlet, entituled, An answer to the Scots Presbyterian eloquence, London 1694 (Wing S.5776), 6; Raffe, Culture of controversy, 156–8.

81 Stephen surveyed how the visitation commissions progressed, but did not explore how other types of comprehension operated in the localities: Defending the revolution, 120–42.

82 See M. J. Braddick and J. Walter, ‘Introduction: grids of power, order, hierarchy and subordination in early modern society’, in M. J. Braddick and J. Walter (eds), Negotiating power in early modern society: order, hierarchy and subordination in Britain and Ireland, Cambridge 2001, 1–42, and C. R. Langley, Worship, civil war and community, 1638–1660, London 2016, 31–2.

83 Synod of Argyll, minutes, NRS, CH2/557/3, pp. 94–5.

84 NLS, ms 7036, fos 44r–49r.

85 NLS, Wodrow Folio XXXIV, fo. 85r.

86 ‘Extracts from the manuscript collection of the Rev. Robert Wodrow, MDCV–MDCXCVII.’, in J. Stuart (ed.), Miscellany of the Spalding Club II, Aberdeen 1842, 163–4.

87 Ibid. 168.

88 NRS, CH1/2/2, fos 75r, 227r–228r, 235r.

89 NRS, PC1/50, p. 5.

90 This figure was calculated using two official lists of ministers who were received into the Church. See NLS, ms Adv. 32.3.6, fos 11r–46v; EUL, ms CHU 21.3, [unfoliated].

91 RPS, 1695/5/186.

92 T. N. Clarke, ‘Jurors and qualified clergy: adopting the liturgy at home and abroad’, in Macinnes, Barton, and German, Scottish liturgical traditions, 126–37.

93 Stephen, Defending the revolution, 146; Clarke, ‘Scottish Episcopalians’, 126–31.

94 NLS, ms 9255, fo. 152r.

95 RPS, 1695/4/117; 1695/5/118; 1695/5/155; Graham, M. F., The blasphemies of Thomas Aikenhead: boundaries of belief on the eve of the Enlightenment, Edinburgh 2008, 3348CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

96 LPL, ms 2020, fo. 23r.

97 Muirhead, Scottish Presbyterianism re-established, 59–67.

98 LPL, ms 806/1, fos 29r–36v.

99 For a detailed examination of MacKenzie's expedition see B. Rogers, ‘Religious comprehension and toleration in Scotland, 1689–1712’, unpubl. PhD diss. Edinburgh 2019, 146–9.

100 CSPD, 1697, 25.

101 Carstares state papers, 263; NRS, GD26/10/79.

102 NLS, ms Adv. 32.3.6, fos 48v–71v; [Daniel Defoe], Presbyterian persecution examined: with an essay on the nature and necessity of toleration in Scotland, Edinburgh 1707, 34–8.

103 NRS, GD26/10/80.

104 NRS, PC1/52, p. 9; K. German, ‘The Episcopalian community in Aberdeen during the Jacobite period’, in Macinnes, Barton and German, Scottish liturgical traditions, 115–25.

105 [George Brown], Toleration defended: or, The letter from a gentleman to a member of parliament concerning toleration considered, [Edinburgh] 1703, 15–16; [George Garden], The case of the episcopal clergy, and those of the episcopal perswasion considered; As to granting them a toleration and indulgence, [Edinburgh] 1703, 16.

106 Rogers, B., ‘The House of Lords and religious toleration in Scotland: James Greenshields's appeal, 170911’, in R. McKitterick, C. Methuen and A. Spicer (eds), The Church and the law (Studies in Church History lvi, 2020), 320–37Google Scholar.