Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-5lx2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-31T09:15:42.612Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

‘Whiston's Affair’: the trials of a Primitive Christian 1709–1714

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 March 2011

Eamon Duffy
Eamon Duffy
Affiliation:
Lecturer in Ecclesiastical History, University of London King's College
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Historians of the eighteenth century have written of William Whiston, if at all, with an ill-concealed smile. ‘The engaging Whiston’, that ‘most amiable of heretics’, is duly noted in every account of the development of Arianism in England, but his lunatic vagaries are kept well to the fore. Yet Whiston has some claims to serious historical attention. His heresies were considered dangerous enough to provoke the champions of both high and low-church to counter attack, and to unite the warring factions in the turbulent Convocation of 1710/11 in a concerted attempt to silence ‘this corrupter of our common Christianity’, this ‘fallen star of our church’. To Whiston, rather than to Samuel Clarke, belongs the dubious credit of having revived the Arian heresy in England, and although Clarke's less flamboyant teaching was ultimately more influential, Whiston, in converting the dissenters Joseph Hallett and James Peirce to Arian views, was indirectly responsible for the conflagration at Salter's Hall in 1719, and the spread of Unitarianism in English dissent. The story of the discovery of ‘Primitive Christianity’ and the prolonged persecution which Whiston's attempts to propagate his new gospel provoked is not widiout elements of farce, but there is a serious side to the episode. The abortive attempt to cite Whiston before the ‘court of Convocation’ in 1711, and his subsequent prosecution in the Court of Delegates, were seen by churchmen as yet another demonstration of the impotence of the Church of England in the face of her enemies, and by latitudinarians and unbelievers as a dangerous attempt on the liberties of protestant Englishmen. Like the Sacheverell trial, to which it forms a pendant, the Whiston affair was, while it lasted, a cause célèbre, and casts further light on the eighteenth-century debate on the place and function of the Church in Society.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Ecclesiastical History , Volume 27 , Issue 2 , April 1976 , pp. 129 - 150
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1976

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

page 129 note 1 E.g. Stephen, Leslie, History of English Thought in the 18th Century, ed. London 1962, I. 138, 179–180Google Scholar; Abbey, C. J. and Overton, J. H., The English Church in the 18th Century, ed. London 1906, 203–4Google Scholar; Stromberg, R., Religious Liberalism in 18th Century England, Oxford 1954, 40, 43nGoogle Scholar.

page 129 note 2 (R. Smalbroke), Reflections on the Conduct of Mr. Whiston in his Revival of the Arian Heresy, London 1711, 3; (F. Lee and J. Knight), Considerations on Mr. Whiston's Historical Preface … in a Letter to the Author of the History of Montanism, London 1711, p. iv.

page 129 note 3 Thomas, Roger, ‘Presbyterians in Transition’, in Bolam, C. G. and others, The English Presbyterians, London 1968, 149Google Scholar, 155–6; William Whiston, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of William Whiston … written by Himself, London 1749, 143, 146–150 (hereafter referred to as Memoirs).

page 130 note 1 For ‘infidel’ use of Whiston's troubles cf. (Anthony Collins), A Discourse on Freethinking, London 1713, 45, 83; A Discourse on the Grounds and Reasons of the Christian Religion, London 1724, iii-lxii; (Thomas Gordon), The Tryal of William Whiston, Clerk, for defaming and denying the Holy Trinity, before the Lord Chief Justice Reason, London 1734, passim.

page 130 note 2 Mathews, A. G., Calamy Revised, Oxford 1934, 523–4Google Scholar; Memoirs, 2–4, 11–12, 123ff.; Hunt, J., Religious Thought in England, London 1871, III. 13Google Scholar.

page 130 note 3 Benjamin Hoadly, Sermons … By Samuel Clarke D.D. … with a Preface, giving some Account of the … Author: by Benjamin, Lord Bishop of Salisbury, London 1732, p. ii (hereafter cited as Hoadly's Clarke); Memoirs, 35–6.

page 130 note 4 Monk, J. H., The Life of Richard Bentley D.D., London 1833, I. 44Google Scholar.

page 131 note 1 Ibid.; Hoadly's Clarke iii-iv; William Whiston Historical Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Dr. Samuel Clarke, 3rd ed. London 1748, 3–4 (hereafter cited as Whiston's Clarke); Memoirs, 36.

page 131 note 2 William. Whiston, Astronomical Principles of Religion, Natural and Reveal'd … with a Preface on the Temper of Mind necessary for the Discovery of Divine Truth, London 1725, 257–8.

page 131 note 3 Richard Brocklesby, An explication of the Gospel Theism and the divinity of the Christian religion, containing the true account of the system of the Universe, London 1706, preface (no pagination); John Edwards, minister of the Round Church in Cambridge, quoted by Chadwick, OwenFrom Bossuet to Newman, Cambridge 1957, 78, 220Google Scholar.

page 131 note 4 Memoirs, 38; William Whiston, Sermons and Essays upon Several Subjects, London 1709, 199.

page 131 note 5 William Whiston, A New Theory of the Earth … wherein the … Deluge … and Conflagration as laid down in the Holy Scriptures are shown to be perfectly agreeable to Reason and Philosophy, London 1696 passim; A short view of the Chronology of the Old Testament and of the Harmony of the Four Evalengelists, Cambridge 1702, ‘Epistle Dedicatory’; A Vindication of the New Theory of the Earth from the Exceptions of Mr. Keill and others, with an Historical Preface of the Occasions of the Discoveries therein contain'd, London 1698, Preface sigs. A2-A6v. For the approval of John Locke himself of Whiston's originality, cf. The Works of John Locke, London 1801, ix. 397Google Scholar: Locke to Molyneux 22 February 1696/7.

page 132 note 1 For the Religious Societies and related groups see J. Woodward, An Account of the Rise and Progress of the Religious Societies in the City of London … and of the Endeavour for Reformation of Manners, 2nd ed. London 1698, passim; Secretan, C. F., Memoirs of the Life and Times of the Pious Robert Nelson, London 1860, 90–155Google Scholar; Jones, M. G., The Charity School Movement, Cambridge 1938, 3–41Google Scholar; Bullock, F. W. B., Voluntary Religious Societies 1520–1799, St. Leonards on Sea 1963Google Scholar. For Whiston's part in the Cambridge schools see Sermons and Essays, 99 ff., 124 ff.

page 132 note 2 Woodward, op. cit., 60; Robert Nelson, A Companion for the Festivals and Fasts of the Church of England, 23rd ed. London 1773, vi-vii, xiii; Secretan, Nelson, 175, 243; Edward Stephens, A True Account of the Unaccountable Dealings of Some Roman Catholick Missioners of this Nation, London 1703, 9.

page 132 note 3 Memoirs, 64.

page 132 note 4 (Peter King), An Enquiry into the Constitution, Discipline, Unity & Worship of the Primitive Church That Flourished within the First Three Hundred Years after Christ, London 1691, preface Sigs. A2–A3V; Biographia Brittanica, London 1757, iv. 2856; Woodward, op. cit., 117.

page 133 note 1 Wardle, J. R., Clare College, London 1899, 137 ff.Google Scholar; Clare College Letters and Documents, Cambridge 1903, 111–124Google Scholar; Harrison, W.J., Life in Clare Hall Cambridge 1658–1713, Cambridge 1958, 85–89Google Scholar; Memoirs, 45–9, 106–119, 127.

page 133 note 2 From that date, too, Whiston occupied a set of work-rooms at Trinity given him by Bentley, who was intent on building up a scientific ‘school’ at Trinity: Monk, Bentley, i. 202–4.

page 133 note 3 Winstanley, D. A., Unreformed Cambridge, Cambridge 1935, 129–132Google Scholar; Peter Allix, Remarks upon some Places of Mr. Whiston's Books, either Printed or in Manuscript, London 1711, 5–6; John Wright, Some Remarks on Mr. Whislon's Dissertation about Christ's Ascension; his Lectures of Mr. Boyle's Foundation; and his Essay on the Revelations … In a Letter to Dr. Waterhouse at Sheffield, London 1709, 3, 7–8, 14; Whiston's Clarke, 9.

page 133 note 4 McLachlan, H., Socinianism in Seventeenth Century England, Oxford 1951, 332–4Google Scholar; Colligan, J. H., The Arian Movement in England, Manchester 1913, 13–27Google Scholar; Stromberg, op. cit., 34–40; Allix Remarks 3–5.

page 133 note 5 Ralph Cudworth, The True Intellectual System of the Universe, London 1678, 598–600, 605–611.

page 134 note 1 McLachlan, H., The Religious Opinions of Milton, Locke and Newton, Manchester 1941, 117–172;Google ScholarNelson, Robert, The Life of Dr. George Bull, Late Lord Bishop of St. David's, London 1713, 339–340;Google ScholarWhiston, William, Several Papers Relating to Mr. Whiston's Case before the Court of Delegates, London 1715Google Scholar, ‘Mr. Whiston's Defence of Himself, 51–2; Cardwell, Edward, Documentary Annals of the Reformed Church of England, Oxford 1839, II. 339–341Google Scholar.

page 134 note 2 Sermons and Essays, 55 (Sermon preached 10 June 1699); Leicestershire Record Office, Barker Family Papers, Whiston Manuscripts, item 90: Richard Allin to William Whiston, 29 November 1699 (hereafter cited as Whiston MS.); Whiston's Clarke, 7–8.

page 134 note 3 Whiston, William, An Essay on the Revelation of Saint John so far as concerns the past and present times, Cambridge 1706;Google ScholarThe accomplishment of Scripture Prophecies, being eight sermons preached at the … Lecture founded by the Hon. R. Boyle, Cambridge 1708Google Scholar.

page 134 note 4 Whiston, William, An Historical Preface to Primitive Christianity Reviv'd; with an Appendix containing An Account of the Author's Prosecution at, and Banishment from the University of Cambridge, London 1711, 2, 6–7Google Scholar (hereafter cited as Preface); Sermons and Essays, 197–221, 235–255, 298; Whiston's Clarke, 10.

page 134 note 5 Whiston's Clarke, 10; Preface, 12–13.

page 135 note 1 Cambridge Under Queen Anne, ed. Mayor, J. E. B., Cambridge 1911, 179Google Scholar; Preface, 3; Whiston's Clarke, 9; Memoirs, 139–143.

page 135 note 2 Preface, 15–18.

page 135 note 3 Preface, 18–20.

page 135 note 4 Whiston's Clarke, 30–31; Preface, 17.

page 136 note 1 British Museum Add. MS 24197 fol. I: William Lloyd to William Whiston 30 July 1708. Printed in part, Preface, 21. (minor variations in orthography).

page 136 note 2 B.M. Add. MS 24917 fol. 9v ff.; Preface, 22: Whiston to Lloyd 26 August 1708. B.M. Add. MS 24917 fol. 11v–12; Preface, 25: Lloyd to Whiston 8 September 1708.

page 136 note 3 B.M. Add. MS 24917 fol. 12v–13; Preface, 26–9: Whiston to Lloyd 18 September 1708.

page 136 note 4 Preface, 72–6.

page 136 note 5 Memoirs, 151; cf. Bodleian Library Rawl. Letters 105: Robert Fleming to Whiston, 4 October 1709; Whiston to Fleming, 6 October 1709, and 19 October 1709; Sermons and Essays, i.

page 136 note 6 Remarks and Collections of Thomas Hearne, Oxford 1886, II 252–3, 261Google Scholar.

page 137 note 1 Preface, 76–80, Appendix 5; Whiston's Clarke, 11–14; Hoadly's Clarke, xviii–xxiii; Nichols, J., Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century, London 1812, IV 718–9Google Scholar.

page 137 note 2 Remarks and Collections, ii. 306–9; Historical Manuscripts Commission, Egmont Manuscripts, II (1909), 243–5Google Scholar.

page 137 note 3 The Tryal of Dr. Henry Sacheverell before the House of Peers for High Crimes and Misdemeanours, London 1710, 220;Google ScholarWhiston, William, An Essay upon the Epistles of Ignatius, London 1710, 46–8Google Scholar. On the Sacheverell trial in general, see Holmes, Geoffrey, The Trial of Dr. Sacheverell, London 1973Google Scholar.

page 137 note 4 Preface, 84–88. On Roderick's Whiggery and the university's Toryism, see Monk, Bentley, i. 281–2. For a revealing summary of Roderick's career, see B. M. Lansdowne MS. 987, fol. 200.

page 138 note 1 R. Thomas in The English Presbyterians, 255–6 (quoting John Fox, one of the students concerned); Memoirs 147–150: Whiston to Hallet, 1 May 1710; Mayor, op. cit., 178–9; Preface 51.

page 138 note 2 Holmes, op. cit., 233–255; Monk, Bentley, i. 286–90. Styan Thirlby, one of the company present, wrote a burlesque account of the incident; he was later to attack Whiston in print: Mayor, op. cit., 456–469; Thirlby, Styan, An Answer to Mr. Whiston's Seventeen Suspicions Concerning Athanasius, in his Historical Preface, Cambridge 1712Google Scholar.

page 138 note 3 Monk, Bentley, i. 289–290; Preface, 109–113, Appendix 5–6.

page 138 note 4 Cambridge University Archives CUR 39.8(6): Copy of Whiston's banishment from Cambridge, on the back of which are rough jottings of the meeting of 20 October 1710; Preface, Appendix I.

page 139 note 1 Ibid., Preface, Appendix I, 2–8.

page 139 note 2 Ibid., 9.

page 139 note 3 Ibid., 10–27; CUR Collect. Admin. 23, 293; CUR 39. 8. (6).

page 140 note 1 (Smalbroke), Reflections on the Conduct of Mr. Whiston, 4.

page 140 note 2 Memoirs, 257–9; Bennett, G. V. ‘The Convocation of 1710: An Anglican attempt at Counter Revolution’, in Cumming, G. J. and Baker, L. G. D., Studies in Church History, VII, Cambridge 1971, 311–19Google Scholar.

page 140 note 3 Lambeth Palace Library, Acts of the Lower House of Convocation, (hereafter cited as Lambeth Conv.)1/2/11, fols. 59 ff. Printed in The Political State of Great Britain i. 472–485; Burnet, Gilbert, History of My Own Times, Oxford 1823, VI 48Google Scholar (hereafter cited as H.O.T.); Every, George, The High Church Party 1688–1718, London 1956, 135–6Google Scholar; Bennett, loc. cit., 315–9.

page 140 note 4 B. M. Lansdowne MS. 1024, fol. 280v–281; Lambeth Conv. 1/2/11, fol. 47.

page 140 note 5 Lambeth Conv. 1/2/11, fol. 47v; Christ Church Oxford, Wake MS. 308/32–33 (proceedings of the Upper House, cited hereafter as Wake Arch. Inf.); Whiston, William, An Account of the Convocations Proceedings with Relation to Mr. Whiston, London 1711, 6Google Scholar. (hereafter cited as Convocation's Proceedings).

page 141 note 1 Convocation's Proceedings, 7–8; Wake Arch. Inf., 308/35–6; H.O.T., vi. 50 (note by Lord Dartmouth).

page 141 note 2 Wake. Arch. Inf., 308/39; (White Kennett), The History of the Convocation of the Prelates and Clergy of the Province of Canterbury, Summon'd … February 6 1700, London 1702, 72–5, 112–4, 128–131, 148–152, 219Google Scholar; H.O.T., vi. 49; Sykes, Norman, From Sheldon to Secker, Cambridge 1959, 58–63Google Scholar.

page 141 note 3 Convocation's Proceedings, 9.

page 141 note 4 Mattaire, Michael, The Present Case of Mr. William Whiston Humbly Represented in a Letter to the Reverend the Clergy Now assembled in Convocation, London 1711, 4, 12Google Scholar; Mr. William Whiston's Case Represented to the Honourable the House of Commons: in a Letter to the Honourable the Members for Both Universities, in this Present Parliament, n.p. 1711, 4, 6–8.

page 142 note 1 Convocation's Proceedings, 10–14.

page 142 note 2 B. M. Lansdowne MS. 1024, fol. 295.

page 142 note 3 Lambeth Conv. 1/1/17, fol. 243–7; Lambeth Palace Library, Lambeth MS. 1029/112a; Convocation's Proceedings, 15–19.

page 142 note 4 Convocation's Proceedings, 20; B. M. Lansdowne MS. 1024, fol. 299–300.

page 142 note 5 Ibid., fol. 300v-301.

page 143 note 1 Lambeth Conv. IX/10/4, fols. 17–18.

page 143 note 2 Lambeth Palace Library, Lambeth MS. 803: Tenison to ‘my substitute in the chair this day in Convocation’, undated (but 11 May); Convocation's Proceedings, 22–8.

page 143 note 3 Lambeth MS. 803: Tenison to bishop of Norwich (Trimnell), 20 May 1711.

page 143 note 4 B. M. Lansdowne MS. 1024, fol. 317–8.

page 143 note 5 Lambeth Conv. 1/2/12, fol. 58–58v; Convocation's Proceedings, 30.

page 144 note 1 Convocation's Proceedings, 31; Political State of Great Britain, i. 474; Dictionary oj National Biography, xvii. 356; (Smalbroke), Reflections on the Conduct of Mr. Whiston in his Revival of the Arian Heresy, London 1711, 31–2Google Scholar.

page 144 note 2 B. M. Lansdowne MS. 1024, fol. 319; Lambeth Conv. 1/2/12, fols. 59,61.

page 144 note 3 Wake Arch. Inf., 308/53; B. M. Lansdowne MS. 1024, fol. 319v; Historical Manuscripts Commission Various Collections, viii. 252.

page 144 note 4 Lambeth Conv. 1/2/12, fol. 62–3; B. M. Lansdowne MS. 1024, fol. 321. Kennett was worried that Whiston would capitalise on the fact that some propositions were dropped from the original list, by claiming that their omission from the censure was an admission of their orthodoxy. Whiston did exactly this in Primitive Christianity Reviv'd, London 1712, i. appendix 2, postscript, 74–7Google Scholar.

page 144 note 5 Lambeth Conv. 1/2/12, fols. 73, 78–82; Lambeth Palace Library, Lambeth MS. 951/25, fol. 114; Convocation's Proceedings (Supplement), 112–7.

page 145 note 1 Lambeth Conv. 1/2/12, fol. 74; Lambeth Conv. IX/4, fol. 74.

page 145 note 2 Lambeth Conv. 1/2/12, fol. 86; Bennett, op. cit., 319; Whiston's Clarke, 30.

page 145 note 3 Lambeth Conv. 1/2/12, fols. 100–1, 108; Lambeth Palace Library, Lambeth MS. 941, (Gibson Papers) 36:Tenison to Dartmouth, 20 June 1713; Carpenter, E. F., Thomas Tenison, London 1948, 308–9Google Scholar.

page 145 note 4 Wake Arch. Inf., 308/595; Brown, B. Curtis, The Letters and Diplomatic Instructions of Queen Anne, London 1935, 370Google Scholar.

page 145 note 5 Edwards, Jonathan, The Doctrine of Original Sin … Asserted and Vindicated from the Exceptions … of … Daniel Whitby, Oxford 1711, 109–118Google Scholar.

page 145 note 6 B. M. Lansdowne MS. 1013, fol. 179: White Kennett to Revd. Samuel Blackwell, 11 July 1712.

page 146 note 1 The Epistolary Correspondence of the Right Reverend Francis Atterbury D.D., ed. Nichols, J., London 1799, I. 460Google Scholar: Atterbury to Trelawney, 10 February 1712–13.

page 146 note 2 For sermons against Whiston see Remarks and Collections, iii. 192; Ibbetson, R.The Divinity of our Blessed Saviour Prov'd … in which Mr. Whiston's attempt to revive the Arian Heresy is consider'd, Oxford 1712Google Scholar. For a review of some of the pamphlets against Whiston, see Primitive Christianity reviv'd, V (1712), Appendix II, 31 ffGoogle Scholar.

page 146 note 3 For an entertaining example, Remarks and Collections iii. 379; cf. also, Will with-a-Wisp; or, The Grand Ignis Fatuus of London, London 1714Google Scholar; W. Whiston Mr. Whiston's Letter to the Reverend Dr. Henry Sacheverell…, n.p. 23 April 1713; Davies, Myles, Athenae Britannicae: or, a Critical History of the Oxford and Cambrige (sic) Writers … Part II, London 1716, 394Google Scholar; Primitive Christianity Reviv'd I, [Appendix 11 of 2nd ed. Hist. Pref.], 72–4.

page 146 note 4 Historical Manuscripts Commission Portland MS., vii. 172: William Stratford to Edward Harley, 19 November 1713.

page 146 note 5 H. M. C. Portland MS., v. 76: Bishop of London to the Earl of Oxford, 27 August 1711; B. M. Lansdowne MS. 1024, fol. 301.

page 146 note 6 Lambeth Palace Library, Lambeth MS. 813, ‘A Summary View of the Proceedings against Mr. Whiston as they relate to the Court of Arches’ fols. 1–9; (Whiston, William), Reasons for not Proceeding against Mr. Whiston, By the Court of Delegates. In a Letter to the Reverend Dr. Pelling…, London 1713, 3Google Scholar.

page 147 note 1 Lambeth MS. 813, fols. 10–18.

page 147 note 2 Lambeth MS. 813, fols. 19–31; Reasons for not Proceeding, 4; A True Copy of the Articles Exhibited against William Whiston, Clerk, by the Reverend Dr. John Pelling, to the Bishops, Judges etc., n.p.n.d., 4 (list of the delegates). On the Court of Delegates itself, cf. Duncan, G. I. O., The High Court of Delegates, Cambridge 1971Google Scholar.

page 147 note 3 Lambeth MS. 813, fols. 32–46.

page 147 note 4 Reasons for not Proceeding, 4.

page 147 note 5 Lambeth MS. 813, fols. 52–4.

page 147 note 6 Memoirs, 226–9.

page 148 note 1 The papers of the Court of Delegates for this period, among which are the depositions of witnesses in Whiston's case, are in process of sorting. Details were kindly supplied to me by Dr. C. Kitching of the Public Record Office.

page 148 note 2 Memoirs, 227; Camden, Carroll (ed.), Restoration and 18th century Literature, Chicago 1963, 292Google Scholar (letter from H. Newman to Richard Steele, 10 August 1713). For the debate with Sacheverell, see Will with-a-Wisp: or, The Grand Ignis Fatuus of London, London 1714Google Scholar; William Whiston Mr. Whiston's Letter to the Reverend Dr. Henry Sacheverell …, n.p. 1713; Davies, MylesAthenae Britannicae: or, a Critical History of the Oxford and Cambrige (sic) Writers … Part II, London 1716, 394; Primitive Christianity Reviv'd, i (Appendix 2 to the 2nd ed. of Preface), 72–4; Holmes, op. cit., 9–10, 259–262, 266Google Scholar.

page 148 note 3 Hare), (Francis, The Difficulties and Discouragements which attend the Study of the Scriptures …, London 1714 (quotations from 2nd. ed. same year), 23, 40Google Scholar.

page 149 note 1 Memoirs, 227–9. I have been unable to trace the ‘Act of Grace’ in question.

page 149 note 2 The Works of Samuel Clarke, London 1738, IV. 568Google Scholar.

page 149 note 3 Bushell, T. L., The Sage of Salisbury: Thomas Chubb, London 1968, 8–9Google Scholar.

page 149 note 4 Whiston MS., item 105: John Jackson to Whiston 31 October 1716; cf. Myles Davies, op. cit., 242: ‘Such a Pamphlet stall as is that pretended Primitive Library’.

page 149 note 5 Memoirs, 311–5; B.M. Add. MS. 4276, fol. 191: Whiston to Mr. Seymor (?), 2 December 1713.

page 149 note 6 Whiston MS., item 106: John Jackson to Whiston, 17 April 1717.

page 150 note 1 Poems of Jonathan Swift, ed. Williams, H., Oxford 1937, I 171;Google ScholarProse Works of Jonathan Swift, ed. Davis, H., Oxford 1940, III. 71Google Scholar.

page 150 note 2 Collins), (Anthony, A Discourse on Freethinking, London 1713, 45, 83Google Scholar; A Discourse on the Grounds and Reasons of the Christian Religion, London 1724, III–lxii;Google Scholar (Gordon, T.), The Tryal of William Whiston … before the Lord Chief Justice Reason, London 1734Google Scholar.

page 150 note 3 Memoirs, 168; Sykes, N.William Wake, Cambridge 1957, II 108, 154–60Google Scholar.

page 150 note 4 B. M. Lansdowne MS. 1024, fol. 281.