Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-nmvwc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-30T13:58:51.217Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

An Ultramontane Jansenist? Charles Hersent's Panegyric of St Louis (1650)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 May 2018

SEAN HEATH*
Affiliation:
School of History, University of St Andrews, St Katharine's Lodge, The Scores, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9BA; e-mail: sh207@st-andrews.ac.uk

Abstract

Viewed with hindsight, the link between Jansenism and Gallican resistance to papal pronouncements can seem inevitable. Before 1653, however, Rome's reluctance to commit itself unambiguously to condemning Jansen's ideas of grace made the idea of gaining papal support conceivable to some of his supporters. This article examines one hitherto ignored moment: the panegyric delivered in Rome by Charles Hersent, whose career in controversy combined ultramontane views with Jansenist theology. The episode reveals the broader volatility of these years, often missing from accounts that present the condemnation of Jansenism as inevitable, and the fact that Jansenism was not yet fused with Gallicanism.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

I would like to thank Joseph Bergin, Guy Rowlands, Emily Michelson, Marc Jaffré, Daniel Ponziani and the anonymous reviewer for assisting me substantially with the researching, writing and revision of this article. All faults, of course, remain my own.

References

1 Sedgwick, Alexander, Jansenism in seventeenth-century France: voices from the wilderness, Charlottesville, Va 1977Google Scholar; Doyle, William, Jansenism: Catholic resistance to authority from the Reformation to the French Revolution, Basingstoke 2000Google Scholar; Strayer, Brian, Suffering saints: Jansenism and convulsionnaires in France, 1640–1799, Brighton 2008Google Scholar; Kostroun, Daniella, Feminism, absolutism, and Jansenism: Louis XIV and the Port-Royal nuns, Cambridge 2011CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Moriarty, Michael, ‘Martin de Barcos: grace, predestination, and Jansenism’, Seventeenth-Century French Studies xxxv (2013), 148–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

2 Kley, Dale Van, The Jansenists and the expulsion of the Jesuits from France, 1757–1765, New Haven–London 1975, 24Google Scholar.

3 On the French Oratory – the internal divisions, pro-Augustinian leanings and disagreements with the Jesuits which played an important part in Hersent's story – see Williams, Charles, The French Oratorians and absolutism, 1611–1641, New York 1989Google Scholar.

4 Batterel, Louis, Mémoires domestiques pour servir à l'histoire de l'Oratoire, Paris 1902–11, i. 362–3Google Scholar.

5 Louis Moréri and others, Le Grand Dictionnaire historique, new edn, Paris 1759, iv. 644Google Scholar.

6 Charles Hersent, Avis touchant les prêtres de l'Oratoire, par un prêtre qui a demeuré quelque temps avec eux, n.p. 1625, and Articles concernans la congrégation de l'Oratoire en France, aux illustrissimes et révérendissimes cardinaux, archevesques, évesques de l'Assemblée du clergé, n.p. 1626.

7 Idem, Jugement sur la congrégation de l'Oratoire de Jésus, par un prêtre qui en est sorti depuis peu de temps, Paris 1626Google Scholar. In 1685 the Oratorian Richard Simon recalled that Charles de Condren, General of the Oratorians from 1629, was forced to expel Hersent, implying that he had been readmitted. Batterel, however, shows that he was not readmitted and his overtures to rejoin the Oratory, which almost bore fruit under Condren, were scuppered by controversial Advent sermons in 1638: Simon, Richard, Lettres choisies de M. Simon, Amsterdam 1700, 197Google Scholar; Batterel, Mémoires, i. 373; Williams, French Oratorians, 218–19.

8 Caroli Hersentii presbyteri et concionatoris in D. Dionysii Areopagitæ de mystica theologia librum, Paris 1626Google Scholar.

9 Idem, Eloge funebre de tres-haute et tres-puissante Princesse Madame Gabriele de Bourbon, Paris 1627Google Scholar.

10 Moreri, Grand Dictionnaire, iv. 644.

11 Hersent, Charles, Discours sur l'heureux succez des armes du roy en la prise de La Rochelle, Paris 1629, 50–3, 85–6Google Scholar.

12 Hennequin, Jacques, ‘Le Traité de Charles Hersent: «De la souveraineté du roi à Mets»’, Mémoires de l'Académie Nationale de Metz (1983), 7, 1012Google Scholar.

13 Hersent, Charles, De la Souveraineté du roy a Mets, Paris 1632, 1214Google Scholar.

14 Idem, La Pastorale saincte, ou paraphrase du Cantique des Cantiques, Paris 1635, 86Google Scholar.

15 Church, William F., Richelieu and reason of state, Princeton, NJ 1972, 358, 406Google Scholar.

16 It is worth noting that the chronology of Hersent's shifting attitude mirrors the deteriorating relationship between his erstwhile patron Épernon and Richelieu: Parrott, David, Richelieu's army: war, government and society in France, 1624–1642, Cambridge 2001, 291, 470–4, 482–3Google Scholar.

17 Le Mars francois: ou, La Guerre de France, n.p. 1637; du Fresnoy, Nicolas Lenglet, Methode pour étudier l'histoire, new edn, Paris 1735, iv. 209Google Scholar.

18 Other options are suggested in Orcibal, Jean, Jansénius d'Ypres (1585–1638), Paris 1989, 239nGoogle Scholar. Although Hersent would surely have mentioned that he was ‘chancelier’ of Metz rather than ‘bénéficier’, it is not true, as some have argued, that Hersent nowhere called himself ‘doctor of theology’: he is mentioned as a ‘prêtre docteur en théologie, prédicateur ordinaire du Roi’ living near Notre-Dame in notarial documents from 1642: AN, MC/ET/II/168. He also used the title on his 1645 memorial to Innocent x.

19 Journal encyclopédique, dédié à son alt. sérénissime mgr. le duc de Bouillon, ii/2 (1775), 335Google Scholar.

20 The name referred to St Optatus, the fourth-century bishop known for his writings against the schismatic Donatists.

21 Charles Hersent, Optati Galli de cavendo schismate, n.p. 1640, 14. The Gallican work is probably Pierre Pithou's Traitez des droits et libertez de l’église gallicane, n.p. [1639].

22 Bergin, Joseph, The politics of religion in early modern France, New Haven–London 2014, 129CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Richelieu had been refused legatorial powers over France and was apparently planning to call a national council of the French Church: Macquer, Philippe, Abrégé chronologique de l'histoire ecclésiastique, Paris 1768, iii. 449–50Google Scholar.

23 Simon, Lettres, 197.

24 Arrest de la cour de parlement, par lequel il est ordonné, que le libelle intitulé Optati Galli de cavendo schismate &c. sera laceré & bruslé, Paris 1640Google Scholar.

25 Molé, Mathieu, Mémoires, ed. Champollion-Figeac, Aimé, Paris 1855–7, ii. 484–9Google Scholar.

26 Colonia, Dominique de, Bibliothèque Janseniste, 4th edn, Brussels 1740, ii. 77Google Scholar.

27 Simon's analysis to the effect that Richelieu attempted to use the controversy to gain leverage with the curia would be worth researching further: Lettres, 197.

28 [Jean Sirmond], La Chimère défaite: ou, Réfutation d'un libelle séditieux, tendant à troubler l’État sous prétexte d'y prévenir un schisme, Paris 1640Google Scholar; [Guy Coquille], Observations de Philalethe sur un libelle intitulé Optatus Gallus, n.p. 1640; [Nicolas Rigault], Apotrepticus adversus inanem Optati Galli de cavendo schismate, n.p. 1640; Habert, Isaac, De consensu hierarchiæ et monarchiæ: adversus Paræneticum Optati Galli Schismatum fictoris, Paris 1640Google Scholar (trans. by Giry, Louis as L'Union de l'Eglise avec l'estat: ouvrage composé en Latin contre le livre d'Optatus Gallus, Paris 1641Google Scholar); Rabardeau, Michel, Michaelis Rabardei sacerdotis e societate Iesu diocesis Aurelianensis: Optatus Gallus de cavendo schismate, &c. benigna manu sectus: tarde, sed aliquando, Paris 1641Google Scholar.

29 In 1642 Gaston d'Orléans gave Hersent a prebend in Mortain, Normandy (diocese of Avranches): AN, MC/ET/II/168.

30 Hersent, Charles, Le Sacré Monument dedié à la mémoire du tres-puissant et tres-invincible monarque Louis le Iuste, Paris 1643, 24–5, 48Google Scholar.

31 It is unclear exactly how, why and when Hersent became drawn to Jansen's theological (as well as political) ideas, but, in addition to his connection to Saint-Cyran, his formation as an Oratorian was doubtless significant. The connections between Jansenism and the Oratory have often been noted. See the essays on Port-Royal et l'Oratoire’ in Chroniques de Port-Royal l (2001)Google Scholar. Hersent may also have been motivated by personal antagonism to Isaac Habert, who had refuted Optati Galli and led the charge against Jansenism from 1642: Kostroun, Feminism, 38.

32 [Sauvage, Henri-Michel], La Réalité du projet de Bourg-Fontaine, démontrée par l’éxécution, Utrecht 1755, i. 182–9Google Scholar. It is worth noting that Sauvage implies mistakenly that this took place after the panegyric of 1650.

33 Hersent, Charles, De la Frequente Communion et du legitime usage de la penitence, Paris 1644Google Scholar.

34 Hermant, Godefroy, Mémoires de Godefroi Hermant sur l'histoire ecclésiastique du XVII siècle (1630–1652), Paris 1905, iii. 239Google Scholar.

35 Hersent, Charles, Le Scandale de Iesus Christ dans le monde, n.p. 1644, 8, 16, 25–6Google Scholar.

36 Ibid. between pp. 24 and 25.

37 Bayley, Peter, French pulpit oratory, 1598–1650, Cambridge 1980, 250Google Scholar.

38 [Gerberon, Gabriel], Histoire générale du Jansénisme, Amsterdam 1700, i. 160–1Google Scholar.

39 Batterel, Mémoires, i. 362–83.

40 Williams, French Oratorians, 194.

41 For a representative example from each decade see Gazette, 1 Oct. 1633, 393; 27 Sept. 1642, 910; 27 Sept. 1653, 966; 25 Sept. 1666, 990; 25 Sept. 1677, 742; 23 Sept. 1684, 620; 22 Sept. 1696, 449; 22 Sept. 1708, 451; 28 Sept. 1715, 461; 28 Sept. 1720, 465; 22 Sept. 1731, 450–1; 22 Sept. 1742, 437; 22 Sept. 1759, 472; 19 Sept. 1763, 329; 26 Sept. 1777, 383; 22 Sept. 1789, 382.

42 Lionnet, Jean, ‘Quelques Aspects de la vie musicale à Saint-Louis-des-Français: de Giovanni Bernardino Nanino à Alessandro Melani (1591–1698)’, Publications de l’École française de Rome lii (1981), 333–75Google Scholar; Lionnet, Jean, ‘Une «Mode française» à Rome au xviie siècle’, Revue de musicologie lxxvii (1991), 279–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Cametti, Alberto, ‘Arcangelo Corelli à Saint-Louis-des-Français à Rome’, Revue musicale iii (1921–2), 25–8Google Scholar.

43 AAE, 109CP/119, fo. 266r.

44 Gazette, 26 Sept. 1648, 1322.

45 Ibid. 27 Sept. 1687, 529; 20 Sept. 1721, 467–8; Mercure, Sept. 1721, 164.

46 Gazette, 26 Sept. 1665, 943.

47 de Gondi, Jean-François-Paul, Retz, cardinal de, Œuvres, Paris 1870–87, vii. 52–3, 479Google Scholar.

48 Simon, Lettres, 197; Rapin, René, Mémoires, Paris 1865, i. 168Google Scholar.

49 ‘et souviens-toy qu'il est bien difficile de faire rendre à un discours par un instrument muet, qui est la plume, la force, & la grace, que luy donne la bouche, qui est un organe ou instrument animé’: Hersent, Eloge funebre, 14.

50 Bouchard, Jean-Jacques, Sermon panegyrique sur Saint Louis, Rome 1640Google Scholar.

51 For the incorporation of St Louis into the absolutist pantheon and the use of panegyrics to praise the reigning Bourbon king see Boureau, Alain, ‘Les Enseignements absolutistes de Saint Louis, 1610–1630’, in La Monarchie absolutiste et l'histoire en France: théories du pouvoir, propagandes monarchiques et mythologies nationales, Paris 1986, 7997Google Scholar, and Zoberman, Pierre, ‘Généalogie d'une image: l’éloge spéculaire’, XVIIe siècle cxlvi (1985), 7991Google Scholar. I am currently working on a monograph on the cult of St Louis in early modern France, which will be the first large-scale treatment of the topic.

52 Bretagne, Antoine de, Panégyrique de Saint Louys roy de France, Rome 1674, 7Google Scholar.

53 Saint-Jean, Léon de, Saint Louys, le snt. des roys, & le roy des saints: sermon panegyrique, presché à Rome, Rome 1648, 17Google Scholar. This was also published in Italian as S. Lodovico, il santo de’ rè, & il rè de’ santi, Rome 1648Google Scholar.

54 Mercure Galant, Sept. 1703, 266–73.

55 ‘impétueux et entreprenant’: Rapin, Mémoires, i. 167–70.

56 Ibid. i. 322; Gazette, 24 Sept. 1650, 1285.

57 ‘il m'ordonne d'abandonner auiourd'huy la loüange, la feste & le triomphe preparé pour honorer la mémoire de sainct Louis, pour le deferer & le rendre entierement à celuy que cette Croix me represente donnant sa vie pour les hommes’: Hersent, Charles, L'Empire de dieu dans les sainctsou bien l’éloge de sainct Louis roy de France, 2nd edn, Rome 1651, 1112Google Scholar.

58 ‘une Confession & une penitence proportionnée à la grieveté & au nombre de vos pechez’: ibid. 24.

59 ‘les prieres & les larmes de cette vertueuse Princesse’: ibid. 30.

60 ‘les Saincts en qualité de Saincts n'ont de vray estre & de vraye subsistence, que celle, qu'ils reçoivent de Iesus-Christ par le don d'une Grace purement gratuite’: ibid.

61 ‘Mortels qui me regardez en ce iour comme un objet digne de vos admirations, rendez plustost la gloire à ce grand Roy par la grace duquel ie suis tout ce que ie suis’: ibid.

62 ‘de sorte qu'il n'y a aucune action de nostre franc-arbitre qui puisse estre soustraite & separée de l'ordre & operation de sa Providence’: ibid. 14.

63 Rapin, Mémoires, i. 323.

64 ‘d'ambrasser la protection & la deffense de cette Grace medicinale qui a cousté au Sauveur tout son sang … qu'il a puissamment deffenduë par la tres-sçavante plume de S. Augustin…; & sur tout d'empescher par vostre authorité, que soubs le nom du tres-docte, tres-modeste & tres-religieux Evesque d'Ypre, la doctrine concernant la Grace & Predestination gratuite, que cette grande lumiere de l'Eglise sainct Augustin a enseignée avec l'ordre, l'approbation & admiration de nombre de grands Papes vos Predecesseurs … de laquelle [l'Eglise Romaine] ne doit iamais estre privée, ne soit point décriée & calomniée’: Hersent, L'Empire, 8.

65 Ibid. 9.

66 McCoy, Bernard, ‘St Vincent de Paul's letters on Jansenism’, Catholic Historical Review xxvii (1942), 442–9Google Scholar.

67 [Gerberon], Histoire, i. 331–2.

68 La Censure du catechisme de la grace contenant la doctrine de Iansenius, &c. faite par nostre tres-sainct pere Innocent X. le 6. d'Octobre 1650: la censure du livre de Iansenius faite par monseigneur l'evesque de Soissons, & publiée en son diocese, par son commandement: et le recit veritable de ce qui s'est paßé à Rome à l'occasion d'un sermon du sieur Hersant, fait le iour de sainct Louys en l'eglise de ce sainct, en l'année saincte de 1650: avec le decret d'aiournement personnel, donné à Rome audit sieur Hersant, Paris 1650.

69 Moréri, Grand Dictionnaire, iv. 50–1.

70 Copie d'une lettre escrite de Rome par un pelerin françois en l'année saincte, sur le suiet d'un sermon, fait par le sieur Hersan à Rome, en l'eglise nationale de Saincte Louis, n.p. [1650].

71 [Sauvage], Réalité du projet, i. 182.

72 For the role of assessor and Francesco Albizzi see Mayer, Thomas, The Roman Inquisition: a papal bureaucracy and its laws in the age of Galileo, Philadelphia 2013, 1415, 141Google Scholar.

73 Journal de Mr de Saint-Amour docteur de Sorbone, de ce qui s'est fait à Rome dans l'Affaire des Cinq Propositions, n.p. 1662, 47; Calmet, Dom, de Senones, abbé, Bibliothèque Lorraine, Nancy 1702, 497Google Scholar.

74 Rapin, Mémoires, i. 322–3.

75 The correspondence consulted was AAE, 109CP/114–20; 110CP/5.

76 ‘ad respondendum in causa fidei, & se expurgandum a criminibus, de quibus imputatur’: Censure, 17.

77 Journal de Mr de Saint-Amour, 47–50; [Gerberon], Histoire, i. 333–4.

78 Jean Gazaignes, Annales de la société des soi-disans Jésuites, Paris 1764–71, iv. 294n. It is worth pointing out that the sources dealing with Hersent's case before the Inquisition are sympathetic to the Jansenists, so may over-emphasise the extent to which they could not find theological fault with his sermon. Unfortunately, I was unable to find any documentation relating to Hersent's case in the Archivio della Congregazione per la Dottrina della Fede, Rome.

79 Journal de Mr de Saint-Amour, 61–5, 121, 327; [Gerberon], Histoire, i. 417–18.

80 Rapin, Mémoires, i. 323–4; Batterel, Mémoires, i. 383.

81 Decret de mostre S.P. le Pape Innocent X, Paris 1650Google Scholar; Pierre Blét sj, Le Clergé du Grand Siècle en ses assemblées, 1615–1715, Paris 1995, 217–37Google Scholar.

82 See canons 12 and 32, which refute Protestant notions of justification by faith by reaffirming the importance of free will and good works in the achievement of salvation: The canons and decrees of the Council of Trent, ed. and trans. H. J. Schroeder, Rockford, Illinois 1978.

83 Mesnard, Jean, ‘Port-Royal et Saint Louis’, Chroniques de Port-Royal xlvi (1997), 5373Google Scholar; Weiner, Daniel, Constructing the memory of Saint Louis: the battling biographies of 1688, Saarbrücken 2010Google Scholar.

84 Hamscher, Albert, ‘The parlement of Paris and the social interpretation of early French Jansenism’, Catholic Historical Review lxiii (1977), 392410Google Scholar.