^{page 361 note 1} The Victorian Church, 3rd ed., London 1971, i. 5.Google Scholar

^{page 361 note 2} See Wright, L. B., Religion and Empire: the Alliance between Piety and Commerce in English Expansion, 1558–1625, Chapel Hill N.C. 1945Google Scholar; Knorr, Klaus E., British Colonial Theories, 1570–1850, Toronto 1944.Google Scholar

^{page 361 note 3} See Harlow, Vincent T., The Founding of the Second British Empire, 1763–1793, London 1964, ii. 735 ff.;Google ScholarFingard, Judith, The Anglican Design in Loyalist Nova Scotia, 1783–1816, London 1972;Google ScholarBurroughs, Peter, ‘Lord Howick and Colonial Church Establishment’, in this Journal, XXV (1974), 381–405.Google Scholar

^{page 362 note 1} Harlow, op. cit., i. 10, ii. 663; Eddy, J. J., Britain and the Australian Colonies, 1818– 1831, Oxford 1969.Google Scholar

^{page 362 note 2} See Pinnington, John E., ‘Anglican Chaplaincies in Post-Napoleonic Europe: a Strange Variation on the Pax Britannica’, Church History, 39 (1970), 327–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 362 note 3} Minutes, xix, 14: 28 November 1786. S.P.C.K. records are at Holy Trinity Church, Marylebone Road, London.

^{page 362 note 4} James Bain to Rev. Dr. Seale, 25 November 1789; to [?], 24 January 1790: Australia Correspondence 1789–1836. S.P.G. records are at United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, Tufton Street, London. Thompson, H. P., Into All Lands: the History of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 1701–1950, London 1951, 17.Google Scholar

^{page 363 note 1} See Blackton, Charles S., ‘Convicts, Colonists and Progress in Australia, 1800–1850’, in McCulloch, S. C. (ed.), British Humanitarianism, Philadelphia 1950;Google ScholarMadden, A. F., ‘The Attitude of the Evangelicals to the Empire and Imperial Problems (1820–1850)’, Oxford D.Phil, thesis, 1950, 8Google Scholar, 33. By way of exception, ladies connected with Elizabeth Fry's Society for promoting the Reformation of Female Prisoners visited 7,471 female convicts on 63 ships between 1818 and 1837. They reported the use of injurious heavy irons, corresponded with Marsden on conditions on ship and in the colony, and supplied each prisoner with sewing materials and tracts. A British and Foreign Bible Society auxiliary was formed in Sydney in 1817; the Religious Tract Society was also represented. The colonies, however, were of minor importance to these societies, at least until the 1840s: A Concise View of the Origin and Progress of the British Ladies Society for promoting the Reformation of Female Prisoners, London n.d.; First Report of the Auxiliary Bible Society of N.S.W., 1817, Sydney n.d.; Missionary Register, October 1818, 403; Christian Spectator, 15 May 1839, 17 November 1847, 21 July 1852.

^{page 363 note 2} Minutes, xxxii, 3 October 1797.

^{page 363 note 3} Proceedings, 1777.

^{page 363 note 4} See Fingard, op. cit.; Burroughs, Peter, The Canadian Crisis and British Colonial Policy, 1828–1841, London 1972.Google Scholar

^{page 363 note 5} Proceedings, 1797.

^{page 364 note 1} See J. D. Bollen, ‘English Missionary Societies and the Australian Aborigine’, Journal of Religious History, (forthcoming).

^{page 364 note 2} Account of a Society for Missions to Africa and the East instituted by members of the Established Church, 1799, London 1886 (facs. ed.), 7;Google ScholarStock, Eugene, The History of the Church Missionary Society, London 1899, i. 68–9.Google Scholar

^{page 364 note 3} J. Pratt to Thomas Hassall, 22 March 1824: Australasian Mission, Outgoing Letter Book, 1820–29, Church Missionary Society, Waterloo Road, London.

^{page 364 note 4} Minutes of the … Missionary Committee of Finance and Advice …, 1804–16, 5 November 1813, 12 May 1814: Methodist Missionary Society, Marylebone Road, London. See Bollen, J. D., ‘A Time ot Small Things: The Methodist Mission in New South Wales, 1815–1836’, J.R.H., VII (1973), 225–47.Google Scholar

^{page 365 note 1} Annual Report, 1809, 2.

^{page 365 note 2} Minute Book, 24 January 1817, 28 June 1820; J. Taylor to S. Leigh, 25 March 1820, Letter Book.

^{page 365 note 3} W. Lawry to committee, 21 July 1819: Australia 1812–26; J. Taylor to W. Lawry, 9 December 1819; W. Lawry, B. Carvosso and R. Mansfield to committee 3, 22 July 1821: Minute Book 18 July 1815, 14 March 1817.

^{page 365 note 4} S. Leigh to committee, 16 November 1821; R. Watson to J. Orton, 15 September 1832.

^{page 365 note 5} Minute Book, 22 May 1813, 25 February, 12, 13 July, 2, 22 September 1814; J. Buckley to J. Bunting, 3 October 1814.

^{page 365 note 6} Minute Book, 8 June 1818, 14 July 1819; Annual Report, 1818, viii-xi; Findlay, G. G. and Holdsworth, W. W., The History of the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society, i–v, London 1921.Google Scholar

^{page 366 note 1} James Buckley et al. to Earl Bathurst, 25 October 1815: Minute Book 11.

^{page 366 note 2} Minute Book, 7 October 1829.

^{page 366 note 3} J. Beecham to J. McKenny, 9 October 1835.

^{page 366 note 4} E. Hoole to J. McKenny, 18 July 1844.

^{page 366 note 5} Society to W. Boyce, 14 January 1849: FM 14/1424, Mitchell Library, Sydney.

^{page 366 note 6} J. Beecham to J. Manton, 31 December 1849: Ibid.

^{page 366 note 7} J. Beecham to W. Boyce, 30 December 1851: Ibid.; Minutes, 3, 5 December 1851.

^{page 366 note 8} In 1860 £10,025 raised in the colonies was subsidised to cover an expenditure of £14,896: Christian Pleader, February 1861.

^{page 366 note 9} E. Hoole to chairman and brethren of Australian District, September 1852: Letter Book 1834–61, 174–6, FM4/1423, Mitchell Library.

^{page 367 note 1} See Cnattingius, Hans, Bishops and Societies, London 1952, 67f.Google Scholar

^{page 367 note 2} Colonial Ecclesiastical Establishment: being a Brief View of the state of the Colonies of Great Britain and of her Asiatic Empire, in respect to Religious Instruction: prefaced by some considerations on the national duty of affording it …, London 1813, 38Google Scholar; his Memoir of the Expediency of an Ecclesiastical Establishment for British India …, London 1805, envisaged Australia and the Pacific within a bishopric of Ceylon: The Life of the Rev. Claudius Buchanan, D.D., Religious Tract Society, London n.d.Google Scholar

^{page 367 note 3} Eddy, op. cit.; Ritchie, J. D., Punishment and Profit: the Reports of Commissioner John Bigge on the Colonies of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land, 1822–1823; their origins, nature and significance, Melbourne 1970.Google Scholar

^{page 368 note 1} See Border, Ross, Church and State in Australia 1788–1872, London 1962, 43–9.Google Scholar

^{page 368 note 2} Scott to A. Hamilton, 2 July 1824, 21 May 1827: Australia Correspondence 1789–1836, S.P.G.; S.P.C.K., Minutes, 6 July 1824.

^{page 368 note 3} S.P.C.K. Report, 1825, 39; Ibid., 1826, 28; Minutes, 3 October 1826, 7 October 1828, 6 July 1830.

^{page 368 note 4} See Eddy, op. cit., 265–6.

^{page 368 note 5} Scott to A. Hamilton, 27 January, 23 March, 21 May 1827.

^{page 368 note 6} Scott to Bishop of London, 9 January 1826: Fulham Papers, i, S.P.G.

^{page 368 note 7} Clarke, W. K. Lowther, A. History of the S.P.C.K., London 1959, 141–2.Google Scholar

^{page 368 note 8} Annual Report, 1827, Report of the Committee on the Objects, Transactions, and Resources of the Society, 222–31.

^{page 368 note 9} G., S.P.Annual Report, 1824, 30, 160–1.Google Scholar

^{page 368 note 10} Sermon of bishop of Oxford: S.P.G. Annual Report, 1834–5, 6.

^{page 369 note 1} S.P.C.K. Report, 1828, 56.

^{page 369 note 2} From Burroughs, Peter, Britain and Australia 1831–1855, Oxford 1967, appendix 11, 384.Google Scholar

^{page 369 note 3} Ibid., 3, 38, 60f.

^{page 369 note 4} S.P.C.K. Minutes, 6 July, 5 October 1830, 6 December 1836.

^{page 369 note 5} See. Speech of the Lord Bishop of Australia in the Legislative Council, upon the resolutions for establishing a system of general education, Sydney 1839.Google Scholar

^{page 369 note 6} Broughton to A. M. Campbell, 17 November 1834: bishop Broughton Letters, 1831–43, S.P.G.

^{page 370 note 1} Broughton to A. Hamilton, 15 February 1831.

^{page 370 note 2} Australia Correspondence: Lord Howick to A. Hamilton, 30 September 1831. On the withdrawal of government support for the S.P.G. in Canada at this time see Burroughs, art. cit.

^{page 370 note 3} Annual Report, 1834–5, 19–20; 1836, 3–14.

^{page 370 note 4} Ibid., 1834–5, 46–7: 1836, 45.

^{page 370 note 5} Standing Committee Minutes, 5 January 1835, 3 May, 7 June 1836; Minutes, 7 June 1836.

^{page 370 note 6} See Webster, A. B., Joshua Watson, London 1954, 136.Google Scholar

^{page 370 note 7} Broughton to A. M. Campbell, 25 July 1836, 21 July 1837.

^{page 370 note 8} Broughton to Rev. Dr. Warneford, 12 November 1838; to A. M. Campbell, 17 May 1843.

^{page 371 note 1} William IV, no. 3; see Turner, Naomi, Sinews of Sectarian Warfare?, Canberra 1972.Google Scholar State aid continued in N.S.W. until 1862 and in Victoria until 1870: see Gregory, J. S., Church and State, Melbourne and Sydney 1973.Google Scholar

^{page 371 note 2} S.P.G. Report, 1840; see Cable, K. J., ‘Some Anglican Clergy of the 1840‘s’, Descent, IV (1969), 41–55.Google Scholar

^{page 371 note 3} Based on annual Abstracts of Receipts and Payments: S.P.G. Reports.

^{page 372 note 1} Broughton to A. M. Campbell, 17 May 1843.

^{page 372 note 2} Minute Book, 28 November 1822; 22 April, 15 September, 1 December 1831; 13, 24 July 1833: Baptist Missionary Society, Gloucester Place, London; see Bollen, J. D., ‘English-Australian Baptist Relations 1830–1860’, The Baptist Quarterly, XXV (1974), 290–305.Google Scholar

^{page 372 note 3} Cited in Fletcher, Irene M., ‘The Fundamental Principle of the London Missionary Society’, Transactions, Congregational Historical Society, XIX (1960–1963), 226–7.Google Scholar

^{page 372 note 4} Minute Book, 16 December 1799; 10 February, 7 April, 14 July 1800; 12 January 1801. L.M.S. archives are held in the Library of the School of Oriental and African Stuthes, University of London.

^{page 372 note 5} Ibid., 21 October 1799; R. Hassall to Directors, 22–30 April 1800: Australia 1797–1817.

^{page 372 note 6} Marsden to J. Hardcastle, 20 July 1805, 8 November 1806.

^{page 372 note 7} D.Tyerman to G. Burder, 8 February 1825, Tyerman-Bennet Deputation, 1821–29.

^{page 372 note 8} J. Hayward to G. Burder, 7 April 1824; L. Threlkeld to G. Burder and W. A. Hankey, 10 August 1826: Australia 1818–28.

^{page 373 note 1} Cited in Fletcher, art. cit., 138.

^{page 373 note 2} F. Miller to W. Ellis, 6 February 1834, encl.; to T. Wilson, 21 October 1834; to W. Ellis, 12 February 1835: Australia 1833–44.

^{page 373 note 3} Congregational Calendar …, 1841, 85.

^{page 373 note 4} L.M.S. Minute Book, 19 January, 25 May 1835; Brown, John, The Colonial Missions of Congregationalism, London 1908.Google Scholar

^{page 373 note 5} Congregational Magazine, xii (1836), 385; W. Jarrett to secretaries, 17 December 1834, in Ibid., 589–91.

^{page 374 note 1} Evangelical Magazine, xiii (1835), 503–4; Douglas Pike, Paradise of Dissent, South Australia 1829–1857, 2nd ed., 1967, 142f.

^{page 374 note 2} Evangelical Magazine, xiv (1836), 24.

^{page 374 note 3} Patriot, 16 May 1836.

^{page 374 note 4} Colonial Missionary Society (hereafter Col. M.S.), Minutes, 12 October 1836; 16 January, 29 May 1837; Annual Report, 1837, 3: loc. cit., University of London.

^{page 374 note 5} Baptist Magazine, 1841, xxxiii, 287; 1842, xxxiv, 293–7.

^{page 374 note 6} B.M.S. Minute Book, 19 January 1843; Annual Report, 1843, ix.xi.

^{page 375 note 1} On Binney and the interest of English dissent in the colony see Pike, op. cit.

^{page 375 note 2} Baptist Magazine, xxvi (1834), 413–17; xviii (1836), 246.

^{page 375 note 3} G. Stacey to Friends in Van Themen's Land and Sydney, 10 July 1843, Meeting of Sufferings; Society of Friends' Library, Friends House, Euston Road, London; Friend, 8th month 1854, xii, no. 140. On the visit of J. Backhouse and G. W. Walker to Australia see Meetings of Ministers and Elders, vi, 1802–1840, 17, 28 5th month 1831; 18 5th month 1841; and Backhouse, James, A Narrative of a Visit to the Australian Colonies, London 1843.Google Scholar

^{page 375 note 4} Baptist Magazine, XXXIV (1842), 353Google Scholar; Epistles from the Yearly Meeting of Friends, London 1858, Epistle 1784, 58; Friend, 10th month 1857, XV, no. 178.Google Scholar

^{page 375 note 5} Patriot, 18 May 1836, Col. M.S., Annual Report, 1841, 4; 1845, 11.

^{page 375 note 6} Annual Report, 1864, 20.

^{page 376 note 1} Col. M.S., Address, 1836, 1.

^{page 376 note 2} Annual Report, 1842, 9; Address, 3.

^{page 376 note 3} Annual Report, 1845, 11. This affinity for colonies was evident also at the time of the American Revolution; see Harlow, op. cit., i, 150–1, ii, 792; Knorr, op. cit., 195–200.

^{page 376 note 4} Thomas Luke to A.Wells, 2 5 January 1841: Home [correspondence), 1837–42.

^{page 377 note 1} Congregational Magazine, November 1839, 677–86; 749–66; Minutes, 19 April 1858; Annual Report, 1858, 6; Congregational Union of England and Wales, Year Book, 1858, 59–61.

^{page 377 note 2} Christian Witness, xii (1855), 332–4, 379–82. Report on British Missions, Year Book, 1850, 81; 1851, 82.

^{page 377 note 3} Minutes, 4, 29 May 1837.

^{page 377 note 4} Ibid., 21 January 1839.

^{page 377 note 5} Ibid., 17 August, 19 September, 11 October 1853.

^{page 378 note 1} Annual Report, 1857, 13–14; 1859, 14–15.

^{page 378 note 2} Col. M.S., Colonial Chronicle, 24, January 1865.

^{page 378 note 3} Corbin, John, Ever Working, Never Resting: a Memoir of the Rev. John Legg Poore, London 1864, 354.Google Scholar

^{page 378 note 4} Col. M.S. … Address; Christian Witness, i, August 1844, 343–7; Congregational Magazine, April 1840, iv, 228–31; Eclectic Review, July-December 1840, viii new ser., 448f.

^{page 378 note 5} Christian Witness, April 1846, 159–64; June 1846, 300–303.

^{page 378 note 6} Annual Report, 1846, 8; L.M.S. and Col. M.S. income in 1840 was £94,954 and £3,601 respectively: Congregational Calendar …, 1841.

^{page 378 note 7} Minute Book, 18 November 1856; 14 January 1857.

^{page 378 note 8} Ibid., 26 September 1865; 1 May 1866.

^{page 378 note 9} Colonial Chronicle, 24 January 1865.

^{page 379 note 1} Annual Report, 1826, sermon, 22; Proceedings, 1837–8, sermon, 1–11.

^{page 379 note 2} Proceedings, 1841–2, 1–11: sermon by Wilberforce, Samuel, ‘The Law of Christian Colonization’. Wilberforce was at this time working on his History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in America, London 1844Google Scholar, which advocated colonial mission and the idea of a missionary bishop. See Newsome, David, The Parting of Friends, London 1966, 215–18.Google Scholar

^{page 379 note 3} Proceedings, 1833–34, 15.

^{page 379 note 4} First Report of the Australian Church Missionary Society [1835]; Record, 12 October 1835; Colonial Church Society, Report, 1838, 16–17. The Church societies had been more responsive: S.P.G., Minutes, 3 March 1829, 3 October 1837; S.P.C.K., Minutes, 18 February 1829, 6 March 1837.

^{page 379 note 5} Noel adumbrated colonial need, to which evangelicals had ‘hitherto contributed almost nothing’, in his Christian Missions to Heathen Nations, London 1842, xiii; see also Kenneth Richard Short, ‘Baptist Wriothesley Noel: Anglican-Evangelical-Baptist’, Baptist Quarterly, xx, 1963–4, 51–61; Missionary Register, 1836, 302; 1837, 529–31; Record, 12 October 1835.Google Scholar

^{page 379 note 6} Watchman, 22 May 1839; Colonial Church Society, Annual Report, 1840, 34–5; 1842, 14–17; 1847, 39.

^{page 380 note 1} Colonial Church Society, Annual Report, 1847, 39–40; 1848, 25; Colonial Church and School Society, Annual Report, 1852, 56, 104; 1853, 86.

^{page 380 note 2} Colonial Church and School Society, Minute Book, 7 February 1854. Records of this and related societies are held by Commonwealth and Continental Church Society, 175 Tower Bridge Road, London.

^{page 380 note 3} Colonial and Continental Church Society, Minute Book, 21 May 1863, loc. cit.

^{page 380 note 4} Colonial and Continental Church Society, Annual Report, 1861; Minute Book, 19 April 1866; 21 January, 19 August 1869.

^{page 380 note 5} Colonial Church Record, i. 6, January 1839, 82; Colonial Church Society, Occasional Paper, viii, extracts from annual meeting, 1 May 1844; Minute Book, 19 January 1841.

^{page 380 note 6} B. W. Noel, Occasional Paper, v, extracts from annual meeting, 3 May 1843, 5.

^{page 381 note 1} Cnattingius, op. cit., 195.

^{page 381 note 2} Colonial Church Chronicle, iv, January 1851, 252; Anderson, James S. M., The History of the Church of England in the Colonies and Foreign Dependencies of the British Empire, i-iii, London 1856.Google Scholar

^{page 381 note 3} Hawkins, Ernest, Documents relative to the erection and endowment of Additional Bishoprics in the Colonies, 1841–55, London 1855, 14Google Scholar, 18; Watchman, 20 May 1840. Blomfield was connected with a South Australian Church Society of 1834, and later with the Canterbury settlement in New Zealand, a systematic colonisation venture with strong Church backing. Whether the perception of colonial need by Blomfield, Binney and other church leaders was influenced by the systematic colonisers' idea of transplanting the amenities of English society would bear investigation. Edward Gibbon Wakefield exploited the religious interest in colonisation in the 1840s and passed himself off as a prime mover in the extension of episcopacy to the colonies: Pike, op. cit., 66–7; Peter Burroughs, Introduction, viii-xiv; Wakefield, E. J. (ed.), The Founders of Canterbury, London 1973Google Scholar; Wakefield, E. G., A View of the Art of Colonization …, London 1849, 54–5, 155–65.Google Scholar

^{page 382 note 1} Hawkins, op. cit., 19f.; Record, 29 April 1841; see also Blomfield, Alfred (ed.), A Memoir of Charles James Blomfield, London 1864, 211–12.Google Scholar

^{page 382 note 2} Hawkins, op. cit., 34, 74–5.

^{page 382 note 3} Recent Expansion of the Church of England …, London 1864, 21.Google Scholar The colonial episcopate as an aspect of Church-State relations and of Church reform is generally neglected by writers on these subjects. See Welch, P. J., ‘Blomfield and Peel: a Study in Co-operation between Church and State, 1841–1846’, in this Journal, XII (1961), 71–84Google Scholar; Thompson, Kenneth A., Bureaucracy and Church Reform: the organizational response of the Church of England to Social Change, Oxford 1970.Google Scholar

^{page 382 note 4} Colonial Bishoprics Fund, Abstract of Receipts and Payments: Burdett-Coutts Papers, Lambeth Palace Library, MS. 1383, 8–11; France, W. F., The Oversea Episcopate: Centenary History of the Colonial Bishoprics Fund 1841–1941, Westminster 1941, 76.Google Scholar

^{page 382 note 5} Lord John Russell, Guardian, 18 June 1851.

^{page 382 note 6} See Barry, Alfred, The Ecclesiastical Expansion of England in the growth of the Anglican Communion, London 1895Google Scholar. Cooper, Austin, ‘The Oxford Movement in Australia’, Ph.D. thesis, Monash University 1973Google Scholar, emphasises English Tractarian interest in the colonies in a treatment of the Australian reception of the movement.

^{page 383 note 1} See S.P.G., Australian Papers, Box 19; Emigrants Spiritual Aid Committee, Minute Book; S.P.C.K. Board Minutes, 6 March 1849, 8 January 1850; Wynter, James Cecil, Hints on Church Colonization, London 1850, 24.Google Scholar

^{page 383 note 2} E. Coleridge to A. Burdett-Coutts, 21 March 1846: Burdett-Coutts Papers, MS. 1384, 4–9; Coleridge, Lord, The Story of a Devonshire House, London 1905.Google Scholar

^{page 383 note 3} See F. G. Clarke, ‘British Attitudes to the Australian Colonies: 1828–1855’, Dalhousie University Ph.D. thesis, 1972.

^{page 383 note 4} A. F. Madden, op. cit., 358f.

^{page 384 note 1} The Church of England Society for Educating the Poor of Newfoundland and the Colonies, Proceedings, 1847, annual sermon, 10; Christian Spectator, 16 January 1839.

^{page 384 note 2} The Church of Scotland set up a permanent Colonial Missions Committee in 1836; the Glasgow Colonial Society had supplied Canadian need since 1824. See Chambers, D., ‘The Kirk and the colonies in the early 19th Century’, Historical Stuthes, XVI (1975), 381–401. J. D. Lang, the pioneer Presbyterian minister, still found cause to berate the Church of Scotland and looked to American Presbyterianism; Lang to Russell, 29 July 1840 [copy]: Despatches to the Governor of New South Wales, July-December 1840, Mitchell Library MS. A1283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 384 note 3} Eclectic Review, viii, new ser. (1840), 449.

^{page 384 note 4} See Shaw, A. G. L.(ed.), Great Britain and the Colonies 1815–1865, London 1970.Google Scholar

^{page 385 note 1} B. W. Noel, Occasional Paper, v, 5.

^{page 385 note 2} Colonial Church Society, Annual Report, 1839: sermon by Rev. E. Bickersteth, 11–28; Stoughton, John, British Influence and Responsibility, London 1850Google Scholar; Dean Hinds, ‘Essay on Colonization’ in E. G. Wakefield, op. cit. Negative views of colonies, typically based on the American debacle or the effects of settlement on natives, were generally protests at government folly and private greed rather than anti-imperialist per se. By the 1850s they were infrequent; and by then the duty of empire was contemplated less with fear of judgement than with millennial expectations. See Eclectic Review, xiv new ser. (1840), 464; Campbell, John, Maritime Discovery and Christian Missions considered in their mutual relations, London 1840Google Scholar; Stoughton, John, ‘Anglo-Saxon Colonies’, Lectures delivered before the Young Men's Christian Association in Exeter Hall, London 1853, 321–360.Google Scholar

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