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The Question of Religious Toleration in Spain in the Nineteeth Century
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 March 2011
Extract
Of all European states in the nineteenth century, Spain was among the slowest to respond to the great changes, social, political and economic, which were transforming Western civilisation. The Spaniard's reluctance to adopt the innovations of his neighbours, or to abandon the habits and outlook of a past age were a frequent source of friction between Spain and other nations; so much so that Lord Clarendon, whilst British foreign secretary, once likened Spain to a North African state with which Britain could have little in common on account of her failure to do ‘any of the many things which bind nations together’. Among the most persistent causes of dissension of this nature was the Spanish reluctance to tolerate the free practice of the protestant faith, and it is the object of this article to trace the gradual establishment of freedom of worship in Spain, and to estimate the respective contributions of the Spaniards themselves and of foreign pressure.
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References
page 205 note 1 Clarendon to Sir J. Crampton (British minister in Madrid), private, 27 April 1866: Bodleian Library, Oxford, Clarendon Papers, Clar. dep., C143.
page 205 note 2 Cambridge Modem History, planned by Lord Acton, edited by A. W. Ward, G. W. Prothero and S. Leathers (cited hereafter as C.M.H.), iv. 659–60. The Times, 10 October 1862.
page 206 note 1 Peers, E. Allison, The Church in Spain, London 1938, 9–17Google Scholar; C.M.H., op. cit., x. 205–7; Pelayo, M. Menendez, Historia de los Heterodoxos Españoles, Madrid 1880–82, iii. 434–500Google Scholar.
page 206 note 2 Canton, W., A History of the British and Foreign Bible Society, London 1904–10, i. 231Google Scholar; ii. 28–9; 236–52. E. A. Peers, op. cit., 9–11. M. Menendez Pelayo, op. cit., iii. 445–58. Don Alvaro Florez Estrada of the Junta of Seville, and Bartolomé José Gallardo, librarian of the Cortes, were notable critics of the Church.
page 206 note 3 M. Menendez Pelayo, op. cit., iii. 471, 529–30, 547–8, 584–8. E. A. Peers, op. cit., 11–17; and his Spain, the Church and the Orders, London 1939, 4Google Scholar.
page 207 note 1 The Carlist wars of 1833–39 were the result of a disputed succession in Spain, the more liberal forces rallying to Isabella II, the more reactionary to the pretender, Don Carlos. C.M.H., op. cit., x. 219 f.; E. A. Peers, The Church in Spain, op. cit., 20–2; M. Menendez Pelayo, op. cit., iii. 611–17.
page 207 note 2 G. Borrow, The Bible in Spain, various eds., passim; Rule, W. H., Memoirs of a Mission to Gibraltar and Spain, London 1844Google Scholar, passim, but especially 213–60; M. Menendez Pelayo, op. cit., iii. 660–9; W. Canton, op. cit., ii. 236 f.
page 207 note 3 W. H. Rule, op. cit., 270; Greene, W., Manuel Matamoros and his Fellow Prisoners, London 1863Google Scholar, 8; M. Menendez Pelayo, op. cit., iii. 664–9.
page 208 note 1 M. Menendez Pelayo, op. cit., iii. 644–9, 664–9; C.M.H., op. cit., xi. 552, 561; W. Canton, op. cit., iii. 162–3; W. Greene, op. cit., passim. One of the most important cases of religious persecution to occur outside Spain was in Tuscany in 1851–53, when Francesco and Rosa Madiai were imprisoned for being protestants. Protests in Parliament led to British diplomatic intervention: Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, 3rd Series, cxxiv. 40, 196–242, cxxv. 449; Parliamentary Papers, House of Commons series (cited hereafter as H.C.), 1852–53, cii. 633–70.
page 208 note 2 H.C., 1852–53, cii. 397–401. Cf., ibid., 627–8; and Hansard, op. cit., cxxiv. 32–6. British protestant feelings are well represented in The Spanish Peninsula, a pamphlet issued by the London Religious Tract Society, London 1861.
page 208 note 3 W. Greene, op. cit., passim; M. Menendez Pelayo, op. cit., iii. 682–8; Hansard, op. cit., clxi. 2053–65, clxii. 2197–2201, clxiii. 676–82, clxvi. 253–4, 1039–40, clxxi. 804–5; The Times, 10 October 1862. Palmerston may have recalled that a British minister was expelled from Spain in 1848 for interference in Spain's domestic affairs.
page 209 note 1 Strobel, E. H., The Spanish Revolution, 1868–1875, London 1898, 28, 53Google Scholar; M. Menendez Pelayo, op. cit., iii. 765–70; E. A. Peers, The Church in Spain, op. cit., 30–3.
page 209 note 2 Daily News, 1 October, 10 October, 16 October 1868. The Telegraph, 15 October 1868. Lord Stanley (British foreign secretary) to Crampton, no. 67, 27 May 1868, Public Record Office, London, F.O.185/488 (from the archives of the British legation in Madrid).
page 210 note 1 M. Menendez Pelayo, op. cit., iii. 783–98; W. Canton, op. cit., iii. 168–75; A. H. Layard, unpublished memoirs, British Museum Add. MS., 38932, ii. 29–30; Layard to Clarendon, no. 122, 21 May 1870, F.O.72/1233, in which he enclosed a letter from the Rev. Ben Oliel, reporting that his mission was encountering no overt acts of opposition or annoyance. Cf. Layard to Granville (British foreign secretary), no. 15, 26 October 1871, F.O.72/1276.
page 210 note 2 Layard to Clarendon, private, 28 December 1869, Layard Papers, British Museum Add. MS. 39121; Clarendon to Layard, private, 10 January 1870, Add. MS. 38997.
page 210 note 3 The Times, 10 May 1876; G. E. Buckle, The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, London 1920, v. 417. Layard was urging the protestants to be moderate in both language and behaviour in view of the state of Spain. Cf. Layard to Derby (British foreign secretary), no. 589, confidential, 21 December 1874, F.O.72/1371.
page 211 note 1 Derby to Layard, no. 25, 13 January 1875, F.O.185/567; Layard to Derby, no. 126, 28 January 1875, F.O.72/1406; Layard's unpublished memoirs, Add. MS. 38933, iii. 162.
page 211 note 2 Derby to Layard, private, 27 December 1874, Add. MS. 39006; 12 and 13 January 1875, Add. MS. 39007.
page 211 note 3 Layard to Derby, no. 121, confidential, 27 January 1875; no. 148, 3 February 1875, F.O.72/1406. Cf. minutes attached to Layard's no. 178, 10 February 1875, F.O.72/1407. The Times of 20 January 1875 was speaking of the danger of false courses in Spanish policy.
page 212 note 1 Layard to Derby, no. 339, 2 April 1875; no. 367, 9 April 1875, F.O.72/1409. Layard's unpublished memoirs, Add. MS. 38933, iii. 204 f.
page 212 note 2 Derby to Layard, no. 75, 19 February 1875, F.O.185/567; Layard to Derby, no. 206, 16 February 1875, F.O.72/1407; no. 424, confidential, 7 May 1875, F.O. 72/1410.
page 212 note 3 Sir J. Walsham (British chargé d'affaires in Madrid) to Derby, no. 470, confidential, 31 May 1875, F.O.72/1410.
page 213 note 1 Layard to Derby, no. 254, 13 May 1876; no. 267, 20 May 1876, F.O.72/1437.
page 213 note 2 Adolfo Pons y Umbert, ‘Cánovas’ in Boletin de la Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid, xcviii. 180–1. J. Bécker y González (Relacioms Exteriores de España durante el siglo xix, Madrid 1926, iii. 291–7) comments, ‘The Monarchy of Don Alfonso XII required the support of the opinion of other nations, and this support would have been lacking had it wished to symbolize religious intransigence’.
page 214 note 1 La Iberia, 19 September 1876, 22–6 September 1876, 8 October 1876. La Iberia quoted extensively from German, Austrian, Portuguese and Italian papers in its attacks on the government. See La Epoca, 23 September 1876, for a defence of the government policy. At this time a major crisis in the Near East was preoccupying the Great Powers.
page 214 note 2 The Times, 15 and 29 September 1876; La Epoca, 18 September 1876.
page 214 note 3 Layard to Derby, no. 418, 4 October 1876; no. 421, confidential, 7 October 1876; no. 425, 9 October 1876, F.O.72/1438; no. 447, 26 October 1876; no. 449, 28 October 1876, F.O.72/1439.
page 214 note 4 Derby to Layard, no. 293, 28 October 1876; no. 312, 13 November 1876; no. 337, 28 November 1876; no. 367, 26 December 1876, F.O.185/581.
page 215 note 1 Layard to Derby, private, 18 November 1876, Add. MS. 39124; no. 450, 28 October 1876, F.O.72/1439; no. 524, 8 December 1876, F.O.72/1440; to J. Pauncefote (assistant under secretary in the Foreign Office), private, 24 October 1876, F.O.72/1439.
page 215 note 2 Layard to Derby, no. 531, ii December 1876, F.O.72/1440.
page 215 note 3 Derby to Layard, private, 25 January 1877, Add. MS. 39011; Layard to Derby, private, 3 February 1877, Add. MS. 39124.
page 215 note 4 E. A. Peers, Spain, the Church and the Orders, op. cit., 91; W. Canton, op. cit., iii. 175–80, iv. 352–8, 368–74.
page 215 note 5 H. B. Clarke, Modem Spain, 1815–1898, Cambridge 1906, 404; A. Ramos Oliveira, Politics, Economics and Men of Modem Spain, London 1946, 119; C.M.H., op. cit., xii. 263.
page 216 note 1 M. Menendez Pelayo, op. cit., iii. 783–99; The Times, 14 April 1876; E. A. Peers, Spain, the Church and the Orders, 3–5; W. H. Rule, op. cit., 349–72.