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A Second Front: Canon Garland, Chaplain Maitland Woods and Anglo-Catholicism in the Australian Imperial Force during the First World War

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 October 2020

DANIEL REYNAUD
DANIEL REYNAUD*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Arts, Nursing and Theology, Avondale University College, 582 Freemans Drive, PO Box 9, Cooranbong, New South Wales2265, Australia
*
E-mail: daniel.reynaud@avondale.edu.au
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Abstract

This article explores the work and influence of Anglo-Catholicism in the Australian Imperial Force during the Great War, based on reading the wartime correspondence of key AIF Anglo-Catholics, especially that of Canon David Garland and Chaplain William Maitland Woods. Anglo-Catholics were enthusiastic in support of the war, but simultaneously used it to promote Anglo-Catholicism and combat what they perceived to be the errors of non-Anglo-Catholic Anglicanism and the various Protestant groups, opening what might be considered a second front against these religions.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Ecclesiastical History , Volume 72 , Issue 1 , January 2021 , pp. 95 - 112
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Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2020

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Footnotes

This paper was originally presented at the Oxford Symposium on Religious Studies, 2–4 December 2019, at Somerville College, Oxford.

References

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9 Ibid. 109.

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14 Canon David John Garland papers and Maitland Wood papers, John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland, Australia, OM71–51 and OM74–101 respectively.

15 Moses and Davis, Anzac Day origins, 159.

16 ‘Soldiers’ Church of England Help Society’, Brisbane Courier, 17 Sept. 1915, 8.

17 H. M. Coldson to David Garland, 1 Mar. 1916, Garland papers, OM71–51–10.

18 Garland to Maitland Woods, 26 Oct. 1916, Maitland Woods papers, OM74–101–45; Austin Eva to Garland, n.d., 1916, Garland papers, OM71–51–43.

19 Garland to Charles Tomkins, 18 May 1916, Garland papers, OM71–51–14.

20 T. Hely-Wilson to Garland, July, 3 Aug. 1916, ibid. OM71–51–24, 32.

21 Hely-Wilson to Garland, 25 Jan. ibid. OM71–51–74.

22 Maitland Woods to Garland, 15 Aug. 1917, ibid. OM71–51–113.

23 Massey to Garland, 23 Apr. 1917, ibid. OM71–51–90.

24 The acronym ANZAC comes from ‘Australian and New Zealand Army Corps’, a descriptor of several corps of antipodean troops during the Great War. ‘Anzac’ became, and remains, a popular shorthand for Australian servicemen of all eras, regardless of whether they served in any of the Anzac corps.

25 Garland to Hely-Wilson, 15 July 1916, Garland papers, OM71–51–27.

26 Garland to John Collum, 9 June 1916, ibid. OM71–51–20.

27 See for example, R. Woodger to Garland, 12 Aug. 1916, ibid. OM71–51–35.

28 Gladwin, Captains of the soul, 52.

29 Garland to Verdi Schwinghammer, 4 Sept. 1917, Garland papers, OM71–51–116; Garland to Maitland Woods, 22 Aug. 1917, Maitland Woods papers, OM74–101–62.

30 Gladwin, Captains of the soul, 52.

31 Garland to Maitland Woods, 22 Aug., 18 June 1917, Maitland Woods papers, OM74–101–62, 59.

32 ‘Soldiers’ Church of England Help Society’, Brisbane Courier, 17 Sept. 1915, 8; Moses and Davis, Anzac Day origins, 188; Maitland Woods to Garland, 9 July 1916, Maitland Woods papers, OM74–101–33.

33 Garland to Mrs Philp, 7 Aug. 1916, and Garland to Tomkins, 12 Sept. 1916, OM71–51–33, 44.

34 Celebrating the anniversary of the landing of the Australians and New Zealanders at Gallipoli on 25 April 1915.

35 Garland to Maitland Woods, 1 Mar. 1916, Maitland Woods papers, OM74–101–19; Garland to Collum, 24 Apr. 1917, Garland papers, OM71–51–91.

36 For an in-depth treatment of the topic see Moses and Davis, Anzac Day origins.

37 Maitland Woods to Garland, 10 Apr., 13 May 1916, Maitland Woods papers, OM74–101–22, 26.

38 William Joseph Leacock to Garland, 24 July 1916, Garland papers, OM71–51–28.

39 Garland to Maitland Woods, 4 Dec. 1915, Maitland Woods papers, OM74–101–9.

40 Garland to Maitland Woods, 1 Mar. 1916, and Maitland Woods to Garland, 13 May 1916, ibid. OM74–101–19, 26.

41 Garland to Maitland Woods, 19 July 1916, ibid. OM74–101–35.

42 Garland to Maitland Woods, 3 Oct. 1916, ibid. OM74–101–42; Garland to Hely-Wilson, 3 Oct. 1916, Garland papers, OM71–51–51.

43 Garland to Maitland Woods, 26 Oct. 1916, Maitland Woods papers, OM74–101–45.

44 Garland to Maitland Woods, 29 Nov. 1916, ibid. OM74–101–49.

45 Garland to Trewellyn Crommelin, 4 Dec. 1916, Garland papers, OM71–51–62; Garland to Maitland Woods, 7 Dec. 1916, Maitland Woods papers, OM74–101–50; Garland to Fred Baker, 23 Dec. 1916, Garland papers, OM71–51–66; Garland to Maitland Woods, 2 Feb. 1917, Maitland Woods papers, OM74–101–52.

46 Schwinghammer to Garland, 29 Dec. 1916; 12 July 1917, and Crommelin to Garland, 23 Sept. 1916, Garland papers, OM71–51–68, 105, 48.

47 Eva to Garland, n.d., 1916, and Collum to Garland, 30 June 1917, Garland papers, OM71–51–43, 102; Maitland Woods to Garland, 14 Jan., 21 Feb. 1916, Maitland Woods papers, OM74–101–13, 18.

48 Leacock to Garland, 24 July 1916, Garland papers, OM71–51–28.

49 Cecil Edwards diary, 11 June 1916, <https://www.anglicanarchives.org.au/online-exhibitions/military-chaplains/war-time-diary-transcript>.

50 Woodger to Garland, and Garland to Woodger, 12 Aug. 1916; Schwinghammer to Garland, 29 Dec. 1916; 6 Feb. 1917; Garland to Schwinghammer, 4 Sept. 1917, Garland papers, OM71–51–35, 68, 79, 116.

51 Clement Ranford letter, 14 Oct. 1917, ‘Letters written on active service, A–L, 1914–1918’, and Frank Smith diary, entry for 5 Mar. 1916, Mitchell Library, State Library of NSW, A 2660; MLMSS 2742.

52 Philip Micklem to Garland, n.d. 1916; Baker to Garland, 7 July 1916; Hely–Wilson to Garland, July 1916; Tomkins to Garland, 26 July 1916; Horace Watkins to Garland, 13 July 1917, Garland papers, OM71–51–17, 18, 24, 29, 106.

53 Maitland Woods to Garland, 15 Aug. 1917, ibid. OM71–51–113.

54 Daniel Reynaud, Anzac spirituality: the first AIF soldiers speak, North Melbourne, VIC 2018, 192–4, 221.

55 Collum to Garland, 24 Oct. 1916, Garland papers, OM71–51–55.

56 Horace T. Boultbee to Garland, Feb. 1917, ibid. OM71–51–88.

57 Garland to Schwinghammer, 4 Sept. 1917, ibid. OM71–51–116.

58 Garland to Maitland Woods, 22 Aug. 1917, Maitland Woods papers, OM74–101–62.

59 Maitland Woods to Garland, 18 July 1916, ibid. OM74–101–34.

60 Edwards diary, entry for 20 Oct. 1915.

61 Maitland Woods to Garland, 4 Dec. 1915, Maitland Woods papers, OM74–101–10.

62 J. Spence Booth to Garland, 26 Jan. 1917, Garland papers, OM71–51–75.

63 Garland to Tomkins, 18 Jan. 1916, ibid. OM71–51–8.

64 Garland to Ellen McLean, 10 Sept. 1917, ibid. OM71–51–118.

65 Garland to George Tarrant, 12 Oct. 1917, ibid. OM71–51–121.

66 Garland to Maitland Woods, 7 Dec. 1916, Maitland Woods papers, OM74–101–50.

67 Edith Avenell to Garland, 8 June 1916, and Collum to Garland, 24 Oct. 1916, Garland papers, OM71–51–19, 55.

68 Tomkins to Garland, 23 Nov. 1915; Micklem to Garland, July 1916; Hely-Wilson to Garland, July 1916; Tomkins to Garland, 26 July 1916; T. Edwards to Garland, 15–17 Feb. 1917, Garland papers, OM71–51–6, 17, 24, 29, 83; Maitland Woods to Garland,10 Apr. 1917, Maitland Woods papers, OM74–101–54.

69 Horace Walton to Garland, 22 July 1917, Garland papers, OM71–51–107.

70 Maitland Woods to Garland, 9 July 1916, Maitland Woods papers, OM74–101–33.

71 Edwards diary, entries for 26–29 Oct. 1915.

72 Gerard Kennedy Tucker, quoted in Michael McKernan, Padre, Sydney 1986, 70–1, 114–15.

73 Schwinghammer to Garland, 29 Dec. 1916; 6 Feb., 12 July 1917, Garland papers, OM71–51–68, 79, 105.

74 Garland to Schwinghammer, 4 Sept. 1917, ibid. OM71–51–116.

75 Gladwin, Captains of the soul, 78–9; Stuart Bell, Faith in conflict: the impact of the Great War on the faith of the people of Britain, Solihull 2017, 100–7.

76 Garland to Maitland Woods, 8 Mar. 1916, Maitland Woods papers, OM74–101–20.

77 Maitland Woods to Garland, 21 Feb. 1916, ibid. OM74–101–18.

78 Frank Weeks to Garland, 9 May 1915, Garland papers, OM71–51–1.

79 Schwinghammer to Garland, 12 July 1917, ibid. OM71–51–105.

80 John Spencer Booth to Garland, 19 Jan. 1917, ibid. OM71–51–73.

81 Maitland Woods to Garland, 29 Sept., 1 Oct. 1915; 18 June 1916, Maitland Woods papers, OM74–101–1, 4, 31.

82 Maitland Woods to Garland, 10 June 1917, Garland papers, OM71–51–96.

83 W. G. Nisbet to Garland, May 1934, ibid. OM71–51–131.

84 Peter Howson, Muddling through: the organization of British Army chaplaincy in World War One, Solihull 2013, 118–22.

85 Thomas Craike Rentoul to Ivy Comben, 1 May 1916, Australian War Memorial, Canberra, MSS1207.

86 William McKenzie to James Hay, 27 Dec. 1914, 4 Jan., 16 Mar. 1915, ibid. PR 85815; Gladwin, Captains of the soul, 67–9.

87 Reynaud, Anzac spirituality, 174–6.

88 Garland to Tomkins, 18 Jan. 1916, Garland papers, OM71–51–8.

89 Garland to Maitland Woods, 1 Mar. 1916, Maitland Woods papers, OM74–101–19.

90 Boultbee to Garland, Feb. 1917, Garland papers, OM71–51–88.

91 Garland to Tomkins, 18 May 1916, ibid. OM71–51–14.

92 Reynaud, Anzac spirituality, 18–21.

93 Garland to Maitland Woods, 1, 8 Mar. 1916, Maitland Woods papers, OM74–101–19.

94 Maitland Woods to Garland, 3 June 1916, ibid. OM74–101–30.

95 Maitland Woods to Garland, 9 July 1916, ibid. OM74–101–33.

96 Maitland Woods to Garland, 21 Feb. 1916, ibid. OM74–101–18.

97 Schwinghammer to Garland, 29 Dec. 1916, Garland papers, OM71–51–68.

98 Garland to Schwinghammer, 4 Sept. 1917, ibid. OM71–51–116.

99 Watkins to Garland, 13, 22 July 1917, ibid. OM71–51–106, 107.

100 Edwards to Garland, 30 Dec. 1916, and Garland to David Collins, 12 Oct. 1917, ibid., OM71–51–70, 122.

101 On Anglican chaplaincy effectiveness see, for example, Madigan, Edward, ‘Hidden courage: post-war literature and Anglican Army chaplains on the Western Front’, in Jones, H. and others (eds), Untold war: new perspectives in First World War studies, Leiden 2008, 63–94Google Scholar, and Snape, Michael, ‘Church of England Army chaplains in the First World War: goodbye to “Goodbye to all that”’, this Journal lxii (2011), 318–45Google Scholar. On the myth of the secular Digger see Linder, Robert D., The long tragedy: Australian Evangelical Christians and the Great War, 1914–1918, Adelaide 2000Google Scholar; Bale, Colin, A crowd of witnesses: epitaphs on First World War Australian war graves, Haberfield, NSW 2015Google Scholar; Gladwin, Captains of the soul; and Reynaud, Anzac spirituality.

102 Ruth Frappell, ‘Imperial fervour and Anglican loyalty, 1901–1929’, in Kay and others, Anglicanism in Australia, 78–9.

103 Tom Frame, ‘Local differences, social and national identity, 1930–1966’, ibid. 108.