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Theological Counsel in the Early Quaker Movement

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 October 2022

EUAN DAVID McARTHUR*
Affiliation:
School of History, Saint Katherine's Lodge, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9BA

Abstract

Early Quakers have not typically been noted for their espousal of political counsel. This article proposes that its cohort powerfully made the case for the ‘counsel of God’ in politics. This counsel was, perhaps paradoxically, both intensively inward, deriving from the light of God within, and universalistic and external, given that counsel could emanate from any individual. This was distinct from most contemporary applications of conciliar rhetoric, although some conceptual and practical similarities are considered. This article explores, finally, the diversity of seventeenth-century conceptions of theological and political counsel alongside that of the Quakers, suggesting further directions for research.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2022

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Footnotes

The author expresses thanks to Justin Meggitt, Colin Kidd and Jacqueline Rose for their counsel regarding this article.

References

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34 George Bishop, To thee Charls Stuart King of England, Bristol 1660 (Wing B.3010); Edward Burrough, A presentation of wholesome informations, unto the king of England, London 1660 (Wing B.6017); Richard Hubberthorne, An account of severall things that passed between His Sacred Majesty and Richard Hubberthorne, London 1660 (Wing A.222A); Isaac Penington, Three queries propounded to the king and Parliament, London 1662 (Wing P.1208).

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52 Burrough, A declaration, 1–2, 8; Howgill, One warning more, 16.

53 George Fox, A declaration from the harmless and innocent people of God, called Quakers, London 1660 (Wing F.1787); Isaac Penington, Somewhat spoken to a weighty question, London 1661 (Wing P.1206), 14–15.

54 Moore, Light in their consciences, 183.

55 Burrough, Good counsel, 18–19; Fox, A word from the Lord, 13–15.

56 Cf. Peters, ‘The Quakers’, 122–3.

57 Edward Billing, A mite of affection, London 1659 (Wing B.2902).

58 George Fox the Younger, A collection of the several books and writings, London 1662 (Wing F.1996).

59 George Fox (with James Nayler), Several letters written to the saints, London 1654 (Wing D.1272), 15–16; Francis Howgill, The visitation of the rebellious nation of Ireland, London 1656 (Wing H.3188), 10.

60 Fox, Journal, i. 86.

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63 Idem, This is to all officers, 2.

64 Burrough, A message for instruction, 2; James Nayler, A lamentacion (by one of Englands prophets), York 1654 (Wing N.292), 10.

65 James Nayler, Behold you rulers, London 1658/60 (Wing N.265), 1–2.

66 Idem, To those who were in authority, London 1660 (Wing N.321A).

67 Hubberthorne, The good old cause, 1–4.

68 James Nayler, A salutation to the seed of God, London 1655 (Wing N.310), 26.

69 Richard Farnsworth, The generall-good to all people, London 1653 (Wing F.483), 6.

70 William Dewsbury, The mighty day of the Lord, London 1656 (Wing D.1271), 4.

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72 Burrough, A trumpet, 10–11.

73 Idem, The testimony of the Lord concerning London, London 1657 (Wing B.6033), 9–10.

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75 Idem, A salutation, 16.

76 See William Ames, Good counsell and advice to all the Friends of truth, London 1661 (Wing A.3006); William Bayly, Jacob is become a flame, London 1662 (Wing B.1530), 4–5, 9–11, 14–15.

77 Fox, Journal, i. 163–4.

78 Ibid. 168.

79 Ibid. 83.

80 Idem, A message from the Lord, 1.

81 Idem, To the councill of officers, 8.

82 Idem, This is to all officers, 4.

83 Idem, A declaration against all profession, London 1655 (F.1784), 13–14.

84 Nayler, A salutation, 36.

85 Idem, To those who were in authority.

86 Edward Burrough, The crying sinnes reproved, London 1656 (Wing B.5988), 12.

87 Idem, Good counsel, ‘To the Reader’.

88 Ibid. 3–4, 14, 28.

89 Burrough, A declaration, 2–5, and [To the whole] English army.

90 Howgill, One warning more, 12.

91 Idem, The invisible things of God brought to light, London 1659 (Wing H.3169), 196.

92 Idem, The visitation, 2, 6, 17.

93 Dorothy White, Friends, you that are of the Parliament, hear the word of the Lord, London 1662 (Wing W.1749), 6.

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96 Burrough, A trumpet, 3–4.

97 Howgill, The visitation, 15–16.

98 Idem, Mistery Babylon, London 1659 (Wing H.3173), 5, 11.

99 Nayler, Love to the lost, 10.

100 Farnsworth, The generall-good, 11.

101 William Brend, A short declaration of the purpose and decree of the everlasting counsel of Gods heavenly host, London 1662 (Wing B.4360), 3.

102 McLaren, Political culture, 164–71.

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105 Idem, This for each Parliament-man, 5, 15–17.

106 John Camm and Francis Howgill, This was the word of the Lord, London 1654 (Wing C.392), 1, 5.

107 Burrough, A trumpet, 2.

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113 Idem, A declaration, 6–7.

114 Richard Farnsworth, The spirit of God speaking in the temple of God, London 1663 (Wing F.504), 6, 11.

115 Humphrey Smyth, For the honour of the king, London 1661 (Wing S.4059), 11–12.

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117 Hugh Barbour, ‘The “Lamb's War” and the origins of the Quaker peace testimony’, in Harvey L. Dyck (ed.), The pacifist impulse in historical perspective, Toronto 1996, 150; Moore, Light in their consciences, esp. p. 70.

118 Paul, Counsel and command, ch. vii.

119 Edward Burrough, A standard lifted up, London 1658 (Wing B.6030), 2–3.

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122 Rose, ‘The problem of political counsel’, 20.

123 Luke vii.30; xxiii.50–1; John xviii.14.

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128 Joseph Salmon, Anti-christ in man, London 1647 (Wing S.413), ‘To all those who desire’.

129 Gerrard Winstanley, The mysterie of God, London 1649 (Wing W.3048), title, 60.

130 Anna Trapnel, Anna Trapnel's report and plea, London 1654 (Wing T.2033), 47.

131 Idem, The cry of a stone, London 1654 (Wing T.2031), title.

132 Arise Evans, A voice from heaven to the Common-wealth, London 1653 (Wing E.3470), and To his excellencie the Lord Generall Cromwell, London 1653 (Wing E.3464).

133 Fox, A word from the Lord, 6.

134 Katherine Chidley, Good counsell, to the petitioners for Presbyterian government, London 1645 (Wing C.3831).

135 Henry Haggar, The foundation of the font discovered, London 1653 (Wing H.186), 6–7, 40–4; Ralph Robinson, Safe conduct, London 1655 (Wing R.1711), 9–12.

136 Robert Bolton, Two sermons preached at Northampton, London 1635 (RSTC 3256), 53, 58.

137 Idem, Some generall directions for a comfortable walking with God, London 1626 (RSTC 3251), 117–18.

138 Idem, Mr. Boltons last and learned worke, London 1632 (RSTC 3242), 190.

139 John Tombes, True old light exalted above pretended new light, London 1660 (Wing T.1824), 19, 60–2.

140 Ibid. 51.

141 Idem, Anti-pædobaptism, London 1657 (Wing T.1800), 158.

142 John Moore, Protection proclaimed, London 1655 (Wing M.2562), 1, 4; John Owen, A vision of unchangeable free mercy, London 1646 (Wing O.825), 7, 10–1.

143 Quoted in Glenn Burgess, The politics of the ancient constitution: an introduction to English political thought, 1603–1642, London 1992, 154–5.

144 Thomas Scott, The high-waies of God and the king, Netherlands 1623 (RSTC 22079), 6.

145 John Caryl, An exposition with practical observations, London 1653 (Wing C.777), 25.

146 Ellis Bradshaw, A compendious answer to a book called A brief survay of the judgement of Mr. John Goodwin, London 1652 (Wing B.4139A), 13–14, 23, 30.

147 Richard Baxter, The arrogancy of reason against divine revelations, London 1655 (Wing B.1192), 46.

148 Ibid. 44, 50–1, 58.

149 Idem, A petition for peace with the reformation of the liturgy, London 1661 (Wing B.1343A), 44.

150 Idem, The divine life, London 1664 (Wing B.1254), 370.

151 Ibid. 59–62.

152 Thomas Scott, Vox regis, Utrecht 1624 (RSTC 22105), 28–31.

153 Bolton, Two sermons, 88, 93.

154 Richard Baxter, How to do good to many, London 1682 (Wing B.1283), 6.

155 Matthew Caffyn, The deceived and deceiving Quakers discovered, London 1656 (Wing C.206), 7, 10–11, 56–7.

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157 Paul, Counsel and command, 173–4; Jacqueline Rose, ‘Sir Edward Hyde and the problem of counsel in mid-seventeenth-century royalist thought’, in Rose, The politics of counsel, 251–2.

158 Peters, Kate, Print culture and the Early Quakers, Cambridge 2005, esp. pp. 210Google Scholar, 232.

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161 See Kidd and Rose, Political advice.

162 Rose, ‘The problem of political counsel’, 2.