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The Industrial Revolution in France: Some Reflections Inspired by a recent study by arthur Louis Dunham*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 February 2011

Paul Leuilliot
Paul Leuilliot
Affiliation:
Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris
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Type
Review Article
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The Journal of Economic History , Volume 17 , Issue 2 , June 1957 , pp. 245 - 254
Copyright
Copyright © The Economic History Association 1957

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References

1 Two volumes; Paris: Presses universitaires, 1954Google Scholar. [See the review in this Journal, XVI (1956), 234–36.]Google Scholar

2 The Industrial Revolution, 1760–1830 (London: Oxford University Press, 1948 [first printing])Google Scholar. [See the review in this Journal, X (1950), 71–73.]Google Scholar

3 This is the title of a book by Jouffroy, L. M.: L'ère du rail (Paris: Armand Colin, 1953)Google Scholar. See P. 54.

4 By Pouthas, Charles H.. (Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques, Cahier no. 25; Paris: Presses universitaires, 1956.)Google Scholar

5 There is also a synchronization between economic fluctuations and the labor movement; see Aguet, J., Les grèves sous la Monarchic de Juillet, 1830–1847 (Geneva: E. Droz, 1954)Google Scholar.

6 Lebrun, P., L'industrie de la laine ècle et le début du XIX6 siècle (Liège, 1948)Google Scholar, [review in this Journal, X (1950), 219–21]Google Scholar. Cf. Dhondt, J., “L'industrie cotonnière gantoise à l'époque française,” Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, II (1955), 261Google Scholar.

7 I may refer here to my “Notes et remarques sur 1'histoire économique et sociale de la France sous la Restauration,” Revue de synthèse, n.s., XXXIII (1953), 149–72Google Scholar. For a regional example, see my forthcoming L'Alsace au début du XIXe siècle.

8 See Fohlen, Claude, Une affaire de famille au XIX6 siècle: Méquillet-Noblot (Cahiers de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, no. 75; Paris: Armand Colin, 1955)Google Scholar. [See the review elsewhere in this number.] According to Fohlen, Méquillet-Noblot was a typical nineteenth-century firm; he recognizes, however (p. 74), that it “was far surpassed by some Alsatian firms.”

9 Thuillier, Cf. G., “Pour une histoire bancaire régionale: en Nivernais de 1800 à 1880,” Annales (Economies—Sociétés—Civilisations), X (1955), 494–512Google Scholar.

10 Droulers, P., J., S., Action pastorale et problèmes sociaux sous la Monarchie de Juillet chez Mgr. d'Astros, Archevêque de Toulouse … (Paris: Librairie philosophique Vrin, 1954), pp. 258–74Google Scholar; and Sevrin, E., Mgr. Clausel de Montals Evêque de Chartres, 1769–1857 (Paris: Vrin, 1955), I, 189–91Google Scholar. Cf. Delaruelle, E., Dieu est–il bourgeois? Le prêt à intérêt vu par les Jésuites et les Jansênistes à la fin du XVIIIe siècle et les origines morales de la bourgeoisie française (Association pour l'Histoire de la Civilisation—Association Marc Bloch, Nos. 3–4; Toulouse, 1951–53 [1955]), pp. 10–14Google Scholar. See especially the article “Usure” in the Dictionnaire de théologie catholique, eds.Vacant, A., Mangenot, E., and Mgr. Amann, E., Vol. XV, Part II (1950), cols. 2316–2390Google Scholar, which cites the posthumous work of Luzerne, Cardinal de la, formerly Bishop of Langres, Dissertations sur le prêt-du-commerce (Dijon, 1823)Google Scholar.

11 Vidalenc, J., Le département de l'Eure sous la Monarchie Constitutionnelle (Bibliothèque de l'histoire économique et sociale; Paris: Marcel Rivière, 1952)Google Scholar.

12 W. Wittich, Le génie national dans les races françaises et allemandes en Alsace (French translation by Korn, A.; offprint from the Revue Internationale de sociologie, X [1902], 778–824, 857–907)Google Scholar; and Laplatte, C., “Les hommes de loi en Alsace avant 1870,” in La bourgeoisie alsacienne (published by the Société Savante d'Alsace et des Régions de l'Est; Strasbourg: F. Leroux, 1954), p. 411Google Scholar. On this last volume, see my review, “Bourgeois et bourgeoisies,” Annales, XI (1956), 87–101Google Scholar.

13 On the sources and problems (with special reference to the Crédit Lyonnais), see his article, “Recherches sur l'histoire des mécanismes bancaires en France dans le dernier tiers du XIX6 siècle,” Bulletin du Centre de Recherches sur l'Histoire des Entreprises, No. 4 (Dec. 1955), 1–38Google Scholar. Cf. “Notes pour un plan de recherches sur l'organisation bancaire en France au XIXe siècle,” ibid., No. 1 (Jan. 1953), 42–56. On a larger stage, cf. Cameron, R. E., “The Crédit Mobilier and the Economic Development of Europe,” Journal of Political Economy, LXI (1953), 461–88Google Scholar.

14 Jannet, Cl., Le capital, la spéculation et la finance au XIXe siècle (Paris, 1892)Google Scholar. Regarding insurance, there is hardly anything but commemorative publications, generally superficial. The latest is by Revilliod, Maxime, L'Union-lncendie-Accidents-Risques divers, 1828–1953 (Paris: 1954)Google Scholar. On the board one finds names like Mallet, Mirabaud, Vernes, Jameson (partners in the Hottinguer bank), Neuflize, etc.

15 See Lambert-Dansette, Jean, Quelques families du patronat textile de Lille-Armentières, 1789–1914 (Lille: Emile Raoust, 1954)Google Scholar; and Fohlen, C., L'industrie textile en France sous le Second Empire (Paris: Plon, 1956)Google Scholar. [See the reviews of these works elsewhere in this number.

16 See the forthcoming work of my student, G. Thuillier, Georges Dufaud et les débuts du grand capitalisme métallurgique en Nivernais, now in press (S.E.V.P.E.N., 13, Rue du Four, Paris VIe).

17 Note the wide spread in prices (average for 1812): 0 fr. 20 to 0 fr. 90 in the Loire; 1 fr. 27 in the Nord; 1 fr. 52 in the Haute-Saône; 3 fr. 72 in the Bas-Rhin; 3 fr. 60 and even 4 fr. in the Haut-Rhin. As for Saar coal, the carters, who were merchants as well as shippers, paid 1 fr. to 1 fr. 50 at pithead and sold them to the manufacturers of Alsace at anywhere from 6 to 9 fr. “according to the circumstances.” On the Alsatian iron industry, see the Actes du Colloque international: “Le fer à travers les âges,” [Annales de l'Est, Mémoire No. 16] (Nancy: Faculté des Lettres de l'Université de Nancy, 1956)Google Scholar. See my review of the meeting in Annales, XI (1956), 71–77Google Scholar.

18 Landes, David S., “French Entrepreneurship and Industrial Growth in the Nineteenth Century,” Journal of Economic History, IX (1949), 45–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar; S. B. Clough, “Retardative Factors in French Economic Development,” ibid., VI (1946), Supplement, 91–102.

19 This kind of price and wage policy led to strikes in the Loire. See Aguet, J. L., “Les grèves des mineurs en France sous la Monarchie de Juillet,” Revue suisse d'histoire, IV (1954), 348–85Google Scholar.

20 Cf. Tresse, R., “Les origines du Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers,” Revue des travaux de l'Académie des Sciences morales et politiques, CV (1952), 101–11Google Scholar; and “Le Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers et la Société d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie nationale au début du XIXe siècle,” Revue d'histoire des sciences, V (1952), 246–65Google Scholar.

21 Cf. Le Cuivre, M. and Manceau, H., “Au temps de Nicolas Gendarme; maîtres de forges, banque et députation,” Etudes ardennaises (ed. by the Société d'Etudes ardennaises, Archives Départementales, Mézières), Cahier No. 4 (Jan. 1956), pp. 33–38Google Scholar. The article also has material on F. I. de Wendel, the Seillière bank, and Eugène Schneider.

22 Guichonnet, P., “Quelques aspects de la question ouvrière en Savoie à la veille de 1848” (Estratto dalla Rassegna storica del Risorgimento, XLII [Apr.— Sept. 1955]), pp. 305–19Google Scholar. The author cites a curious pamphlet by Barut, J., “Comment on devient millionnaire; on devient millionnaire en faisant des mendiants (Aix-les-Bains, 1894)Google Scholar, and also calls attention to the opinion of Mgr. Rendu, Bishop of Annecy, on the labor question (1845), a text to be included in the dossier of social Catholicism. (Cf. Duroselle, J. B., Les débuts du Catholicisme social en France [Paris, 1951].Google Scholar)

23 The Belgian experience is suggestive and instructive. See my earlier articles: “Houille et coton en Belgique: pour une histoire industrielle comparée,” Annales, VII (1952), 199–209Google Scholar, and “Houillerie liégeoise et métallurgie namuroise,” ibid., VIII (1953), 385–88. See also my paper, “Les industries textiles: problèmes généraux et orientations des recherches,” in Comitato internazionale di Scienze storiche, X Congresso internazionale di Scienze storiche, Relazioni (6 vols.; Florence: Sansoni, 1955), IV (Storia moderna), 285–94Google Scholar.

24 Britain and Industrial Europe, 1750–1870: Studies in British Influence on the Industrial Revolution in Western Europe (Liverpool: University Press, 1954)Google Scholar. See the reviews by Cameron, R. E., American Economic Review, XLV (1955), 166–68Google Scholar, and Lebrun, P., Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, XXXIII (1955), 688–90Google Scholar.

25 Economic History Review, 2d ser., VI (1953–54), 324Google Scholar; and even earlier, in the Annales, VI (1951), 231Google Scholar. The same mistake is found in the Histoire des relations internationales of Renouvin, P., V, 1 (Paris: Hachette, 1954), 15Google Scholar; as well as in de Sauvigny, G. de Bertier, La Restauration (Paris: Flammarion, 1955), p. 299Google Scholar.

26 Fischer, J. C. (1773–1854), Tagebücher (ed. Schib, Karl; Schaffhausen, 1951)Google Scholar; K. Schib and R. Gnade, J. C. Fischer (ibid., 1954). Cf. Hundert-fünfzig Jahre G. Fischer Werke, 1802–1952 (ibid., 1952). This firm has established an important library devoted to the history and techniques of the iron industry.

27 According to G. Thuillier (see above, n. 16), there still exist the manuscript diaries of the research journeys of Georges Dufaud. Cf. Evans, J. E., “The Uncrowned Iron King: the First William Crawshay,” The National Library of Wales Journal, VII (1951), 22–32Google Scholar. The records of the famous Cyfarthfa plant are preserved in the National Library of Wales.

28 “Peter Beuth and the Rise of Prussian Industry,” Economic History Review, 2d ser., VIII (1955–1956). 222–31Google Scholar.

29 Frumento, A., Imprese lombarde nella storia della siderurgia italiana: il contributo dei Falck, Vol. I: 1833–1913 (Milan: Campi, 1952)Google Scholar.

30 See the regional monograph of Lasserre, André, La situation des ouvriers de l'industrie textile dans la région lilloise sous la Monarchie de Juillet (Lausanne: Nouvelle Bibliothèque de Droit et de Jurisprudence, 1952)Google Scholar. To the bibliography of Professor Dunham, add. Cuvillier, A., Un journal d'ouvriers, “L'Atelier,” 1840–1850 (Paris, F. Alcan, 1914)Google Scholar, [reissued Paris: Editions Ouvrières, 1954], and especially Duveau, Georges, La vie ouvrière sous le Second Empire (Paris: Gallimard, 1946)Google Scholar. See also Briquet, J., Agricol Perdiguier, Compagnon du Tour de France et Représentant du Peuple, 1805–1875 (Paris: Rivière, 1955)Google Scholar, and the excellent “Essai bibliographique sur les compagnonnages” of Lecotte, R., in Compagnonnages (Collection “Présences”; Paris: Plon, 1951), pp. 271–443Google Scholar.

31 The French edition of the Dunham volume is unfortunately marred by numerous typographical errors. I may be forgiven if I cite a few: Barry (p. 21), for Barrey; Bressen (p. 26 n.), for Bresson; Chlepne (p. 197 n.), for Chlepner; Demangeou (p. 295) Demangeon; Foucher (P. 391), for Faucher; also Fauchez (p. 30, n. 15), for Faucher; Juval (p. 238), for Javal; Marjon (p. 187, n. 4), for Marion; Moléan (p. 359, n. 7), for Moléon; Mory (p. 48), for Mony; de Penot and Pénot (p. 232, n. 4; 324, n. 19; etc.); for Dr. Penot (cf. Leuilliot, P., “Le dossier universitaire du Dr. Achille Penot, Mulhousien d'adoption,” Bulletin de la Société industrielle de Mulhouse, III [1954])Google Scholar; Tungan (p. 132, n. 2), for Turgan; Vablanc (p. 414), for Vaublanc; etc. The books of A. Nicolle and V. Nigohosian, cited on p. 412, are identical! As for the Mémoires of Lafitte (pp. 190 and 415), they were published in 1932.