Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-68ccn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-11T17:13:09.293Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Grammatical gender assignment in French: dispelling the native speaker myth

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 July 2017

DALILA AYOUN*
Affiliation:
University of Arizona
*
Address for correspondence: e-mail: ayoun@email.arizona.edu

Abstract

This study highlights the complexity of French grammatical gender as a lexical property at the interface of morpho-phonology and the lexicon. French native speakers (n = 168) completed a gender assignment task with written stimuli illustrating common versus uncommon nouns, vowel-initial versus consonant-initial nouns, compounds and grammatical homonyms; they also indicated the strategies they used to assign a gender to stimuli. The findings showed strong lexical and gender effects suggesting that grammatical gender must be acquired for individual lexical items as morpho-phonological cues alone are unreliable and vary greatly.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Acquaviva, P. (2008). Lexical Plurals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Acquaviva, P. (2009). The structure of the Italian declension system. In: Montermini, F., Boyé, G. and Tseng, J. (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 6th Décembrettes, Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press, pp. 5062.Google Scholar
Anastassiadis-Syméonidis, A. (2005). L'attribution du genre aux emprunts du grec moderne au français et à l'anglais américain. In: Arnavielle, T. (ed.), Langues: Histoire et usages dans l'aire méditerranéenne. Paris: L'Harmattan, pp. 111122.Google Scholar
Anastassiadis–Syméonidis, A. and Nikolaou, G. (2011). L'adaptation morphologique des emprunts néologiques: en quoi est-elle précieuse? Langages, 183: 119132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antes, T. (1993). The effect of enhanced input on the acquisition of phonological gender markers in first year French. PhD thesis, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Ayoun, D. (2007). The second language acquisition of grammatical gender and agreement. In: Ayoun, D. (ed.), French Applied Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 130170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayoun, D. (2009). The (in)stability of gender assignment and agreement among French native speakers. Talk given at AAAL, Denver.Google Scholar
Ayoun, D. (2010). Corpus data. Shedding the light on grammatical gender. . .or not. EUROSLA Yearbook, 10: 119141.Google Scholar
Ayres-Bennett, W. and Carruthers, J. (2001). Studies in the Modern French Language: Problems and Perspectives. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar
Batchelor, R. E. and Offord, M. H. (2000). Using French. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Beckett, M. (2010). Gender Assignment and Word-final Pronunciation in French: Two semantic systems. Munich: Lincom.Google Scholar
Bidot, E. (1925). La clef du genre des substantifs français (méthode dispensant d'avoir recours au dictionnaire). Poitiers: Imprimerie Nouvelle.Google Scholar
Biedermann, B., Blanken, G. and Nickels, L. (2002). The representation of homophones: evidence from remediation. Aphasiology, 16: 115136.Google Scholar
Boloh, Y., Escudier, F., Royer, S. and Ibernon, L. (2012). Determiners and nouns’ endings in French children's gender attribution choices. First Language, 32: 398410.Google Scholar
Boloh, Y. and Ibernon, L. (2010). Gender attribution and gender agreement in 4- to 10-year-old French children. Cognitive Development, 25: 125.Google Scholar
Boloh, Y. and Ibernon, L. (2013). Natural gender, phonological cues and the default grammatical gender in French children. First Language, 33: 449468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braine, G. (1999). Non-native Educators in English Language Teaching. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Caramazza, A., Costa, A., Miozzo, M. and Bi, Y. (2001). The specific-word frequency effect: implications for the representation of homophones in speech production. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 27: 14301450.Google Scholar
Caramazza, A. and Miozzo, M. (1997). The relation between syntactic and phonological knowledge in lexical access: evidence from the ‘tip-of-the-tongue’ phenomenon. Cognition, 69: 231241.Google Scholar
Carroll, S. (1989). Second-language acquisition and the computational paradigm. Language Learning, 39: 535594.Google Scholar
Carroll, S. (2005). Input and SLA: adults’ sensitivity to different sorts of cues to French gender. Language Learning, 55, Suppl.1: 79138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1995). The Minimalist Program. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Clark, E. V. (1985). The acquisition of Romance, with special reference to French. In: Slobin, D. (ed.), The Crosslinguistic Study of Language Acquisition: 1. The Data. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 687782.Google Scholar
Colé, P., Pynte, J. and Andriamamonjy, P. (2003). Effect of grammatical gender on word recognition: evidence from lexical decision and eye movement experiments. Perception & Psychophysics, 65: 407419.Google Scholar
Comrie, B. (1999). Grammatical gender systems: a linguist's assessment. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 28: 457466.Google Scholar
Content, A., Mousty, P. and Radeau, M. (1990). Brulex. Une base de données lexicales informatisée pour le français écrit et parlé. L'Année Psychologique, 90: 551566.Google Scholar
Corbett, G. (1991). Gender. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Corbett, G. (2003). Agreement: terms and boundaries. In: Griffin, W. (ed.), The Role of Agreement in Natural Language: Proceedings of the 2001 Texas Linguistic Society Conference, Austin, Texas 2–4 March 2001. Austin, TX: Texas Linguistic Society, pp. 109122.Google Scholar
Cyr, M. and Shi, R. (2013). Development of abstract grammatical categorization in infants. Child Development, 84: 617629.Google Scholar
Dahan, D., Swingley, D., Tanenhaus, M. and Magnuson, J. S. (2000). Linguistic gender and spoken-word recognition in French. Journal of Memory and Language, 42: 465480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, A. (2013). Native Speakers and Native Users. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Desrochers, A. (1986). Genre grammatical et classification nominale. Revue Canadienne de Psychologie, 40: 224250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desrochers, A. and Brabant, M. (1995). Interaction entre facteurs phonologiques et sémantiques dans une épreuve de catégorisation lexicale. Revue Canadienne de Psychologie, 49: 240262.Google Scholar
Desrochers, A. and Paivio, A. (1990). Le phonème initial des noms inanimés et son effet sur l'identification du genre grammatical. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 44: 4457.Google Scholar
Desrochers, A., Paivio, A. and Desrochers, S. (1989). L'effet de la fréquence d'usage des noms inanimés et de la valeur prédictive de leur terminaison sur l'identification du genre grammatical. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 43: 6273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deutsch, A. and Dank, M. (2009). Conflicting cues and competition between notional and grammatical factors in producing number and gender agreement: evidence from Hebrew. Journal of Memory and Language, 60: 112143.Google Scholar
Dewaele, J.-M. and Véronique, D. (2001). Gender assignment and gender agreement in advanced French interlanguage: a cross-sectional study. Bilingualism, 4: 275297.Google Scholar
Dronjic, V. and Helms-Park, R. 2014. Fixed choice word-association tasks as second language lexical tests: what native-speaker performance reveals about their potential weaknesses. Applied Psycholinguistics, 35: 193221.Google Scholar
Edge, J. (2006). (Re)locating TESOL in an Age of Empire. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Enger, H-O. (2009). The role of core and non-core semantic rules in gender assignment. Lingua, 119: 12811299.Google Scholar
Foster, P. and Tavakoli, P. (2009). Native speakers and task performance: comparing effects on complexity, fluency and lexical diversity. Language Learning, 59: 866896.Google Scholar
Franceschina, F. (2005). Fossilized Second Language Grammars: The Acquisition of Grammatical gender. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gabriel, U. (2008). Language policies and in-group favouritism: the malleability of the interpretation of generically intended masculine forms. Social Psychology, 39: 103107.Google Scholar
Gervais, M-M. (1993). Gender and language in French. In: Sanders, C. (ed.), French Today: Language in its Social Context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 121138.Google Scholar
Gollan, T. H. and Frost, R. (2002). Two routes to grammatical gender: evidence from Hebrew. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 30: 627651.Google Scholar
Gottlob, R. G., Goldinger, S. D., Stone, G. O. and Van Orden, G. C. (1999). Reading homographs: orthographic, phonologic and semantic dynamics. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 25: 561574.Google Scholar
Gross, G. (1990). Définition des noms composés dans un lexique-grammaire. Langue Française, 87: 8490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guilford, J. (1994). Les emprunts à l'anglais dans la presse française pop-rock. PhD thesis, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris V.Google Scholar
Guilford, J. (1999). L'attribution du genre aux emprunts à l'anglais. La Linguistique, 35: 6585.Google Scholar
Gygax, P. and Gabriel, U. (2008). Can a group of musicians be composed of women? Generic interpretation of French masculine role names in absence and presence of feminine forms. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 67: 141153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gygax, P., Sarrasin, O., Lévy, A., Sato, S. and Gabriel, U. (2013). La représentation mentale du genre pendant la lecture: état actuel de la recherche francophone en psycholinguistique. Journal of French Language Studies, 23: 243257.Google Scholar
Harley, B. (1979). French gender ‘rules’ in the speech of English-dominant, French-dominant and monolingual French-speaking children. Working Papers in Bilingualism, 19: 129156.Google Scholar
Hawkins, R. and Towell, R. (2010). French Grammar and Usage. 3rd ed. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Höhle, B., Weissenborn, J., Kiefer, D., Schulz, A. and Schmitz, M. (2004). Functional elements in infants’ speech processing: the role of determiners in the syntactic categorization of lexical elements. Infancy, 5: 341353.Google Scholar
Holliday, A. (2008). Standards of English and politics of inclusion. Language Teaching, 41: 119130.Google Scholar
Holmes, V. M. and Dejean de la Bâtie, B. (1999). Assignment of grammatical gender by native speakers and foreign learners of French. Applied Psycholinguistics, 20: 479506.Google Scholar
Holmes, V. M. and Segui, J. (2004). Sublexical and lexical influences on gender assignment in French. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 33: 425457.Google Scholar
Holmes, V. M. and Segui, J. (2006). Assigning grammatical gender during word production. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 35: 530.Google Scholar
Hug, M. (1989). Structure du syntagme nominal français. Etude statistique. Paris: Champion-Slatkine.Google Scholar
Hulk, A. and Tellier, C. (1998). Conflictual agreement in Romance nominals. In: Authier, J.-M., Bullock, B. and Reed, L. (eds), Formal Perspectives on Romance Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 179195.Google Scholar
Hulk, A. and Tellier, C. (2000). Mismatches: Agreement in qualitative constructions. Probus, 12: 3365.Google Scholar
Irmen, L. and Kurovskaja, J. (2010). On the semantic content of grammatical gender and its impact on the representation of human referents. Experimental Psychology, 57: 367375.Google Scholar
Irmen, L. and Schumann, E. (2011). Processing grammatical gender of nouns: further evidence from eye movements. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 23: 9981014.Google Scholar
Jescheniak, J. D. and Levelt, W. J. M. (1994). Word frequency effects in speech production: retrieval of syntactic information and of phonological form. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 20: 824843.Google Scholar
Joseph, J. E. (2017). Extended/distributed cognition and the native speaker. Language & Communication, 111.Google Scholar
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1979). A Functional Approach to Child Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kastovsky, D. (2000). Inflectional classes, morphological restructuring, and the dissolution of Old English grammatical gender. In: Unterbeck, B., Nevalainen, T. and Saari, M. (eds.), Gender and Cognition. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 709727.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kilarski, M. (2001). Gender assignment in English loan-words in Danish, Swedish and Norwegian. PhD thesis, Adam Mickiewicz University.Google Scholar
Levelt, W. J. M., Roelofs, A. and Meyer, A. (1999). A theory of lexical access in speech production. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22: 175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
L'Huillier, M. (1999). Advanced French Grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lyster, R. (2006). Predictability in French gender attribution: a corpus analysis. Journal of French Language Studies, 16: 6992.Google Scholar
Lyster, R. (2004). Differential effects of prompts and recasts in form-focused instruction. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26: 399432.Google Scholar
Lyster, R. and Izquierdo, J. (2009). Prompts versus recasts in dyadic interaction. Language Learning, 52: 453498.Google Scholar
MacWhinney, B. (2000). Lexicalist connectionism. In: Broeder, P. and Murre, J. (eds.), Models of Language Acquisition: Inductive and Deductive Approaches. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 932.Google Scholar
Maratsos, M. and Chalkley, M. A. (1980). The internal language of children's syntax. The ontogenesis and representation of syntactic categories. In: Nelson, K. E. (ed.), Children's Language (Vol. 2). New York: Gardner, pp. 127214.Google Scholar
Marinova-Todd, S. (1994). The critical period in second language acquisition: the case of gender. Honors thesis, York University.Google Scholar
Mathieu-Colas, M. (1996). Essai de typologie des noms composés français. Cahiers de Lexicologie, 71125.Google Scholar
Melançon, A. and Shi, R. (2015). Representations of abstract grammatical feature agreement in young children. Journal of Child Language, 42: 115.Google Scholar
Mel’čuk, I. A. (1958). Statistics and the relationship between gender of French nouns and their endings. In: Rozencvejg, V. J. (ed.), Essays on Lexical Semantics I. Stockholm: Skriptor, pp. 1142.Google Scholar
Meunier, F., Seigneuric, A. and Spinelli, E. (2008). The morpheme gender effect. Journal of Memory and Language, 58: 8899.Google Scholar
Mulder, K. and Hulstijn, J. (2011). Linguistic skills of adult native speakers, as a function of age and level of education. Applied Linguistics, 32: 475494.Google Scholar
Müller, N. (1990). Developing two gender assignment systems simultaneously. In: Meisel, J. (ed.), Two First Languages: Early Grammatical Development in Bilingual Children. Dordrecht: Foris, pp. 193234.Google Scholar
Muller-Gass, A., Gonthier, I., Desrochers, A. and Campbell, K. (2000). Multiple P3 evidence of a two-stage process in word gender decision. Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuro-psychology, 11, 35273531.Google Scholar
New, B., Pallier, C., Ferrand, L. and Matos, R. (2001). Une base de données lexicales du français contemporain sur internet: LEXIQUE. L'Année Psychologique, 101: 447462.Google Scholar
Pergnier, M. (1989). Les anglicismes. Danger ou enrichissement pour la langue française? Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Poirier, J. (2012). Pronoms clitiques objects: fréquence et expression du genre grammatical dans le discours oral des enseignants en classes d'immersion. MA dissertation, Université du Québec à Montréal.Google Scholar
Poirier, J. and Lyster, R. (2014). Les pronoms objets directs de la 3e personne et leur apport aux indices du genre grammatical dans le discours oral des enseignants en immersion. La Revue canadienne des langues vivantes, 70: 246267.Google Scholar
Presson, N., MacWhinney, B. and Tokowicz, N. (2014). Learning lexical means: the use of rules by novice learners. Applied Psycholinguistics, 35: 712713.Google Scholar
Price, G. (2008). A Comprehensive French Grammar. Oxford /Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Roché, M. (1992). Le masculin est-il plus productif que le féminin? Langue Française, 96: 113124.Google Scholar
Sabourin, L. (2001). L1 effects on the processing of grammatical gender in L2. In: Foster-Cohen, S. and Nizegorodcew, A. (eds.), EUROSLA Yearbook. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 159169.Google Scholar
Sabourin, L., Stowe, L. A. and Haan, G. (2006). Transfer effects in learning a second language grammatical gender system. Second Language Research, 22: 129.Google Scholar
Sagarra, N. and Herschensohn, J. (2010). The role of proficiency and working memory in gender and number agreement processing in L1 and L2 Spanish. Lingua, 120: 20222039.Google Scholar
Sagarra, N. and Herschensohn, J. (2012). Processing of gender and number agreement in late Spanish bilinguals. International Journal of Bilingualism, 17: 121.Google Scholar
Savary, A. (2000). Recensement et description des mots composés. Méthodes et applications. PhD thesis, Université Paris 7.Google Scholar
Schafroth, E. (2003). Gender in French: structural properties, incongruences and asymmetries. In: Hellinger, M. and Buβmann, H. (eds.), Gender Across Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 87117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Séguin, H. (1969). Les marques du genre dans le lexique français écrit contemporain: compilation des cas et essai de classement. PhD thesis, Université de Montréal.Google Scholar
Seigneuric, A., Zagar, D., Meunier, F. and Spinelli, E. (2007). The relation between language and cognition in 3- to 9-year-olds: the acquisition of grammatical gender in French. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 96: 229246.Google Scholar
Sera, M. D., Elieff, C., Forbes, J., Burch, M. C., Rodriguez, W. and Dubois, D. P. (2002). When language affects cognition and when it does not: an analysis of grammatical gender and classification. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 131: 377397.Google Scholar
Shi, R. and Melançon, A. (2010). Syntactic categorization in French-learning infants. Infancy, 15: 517533.Google Scholar
Spalek, K., Franck, J., Schriefers, H. and Frauenfelder, U. (2008). Phonological regularities and grammatical gender retrieval in spoken word recognition and word production. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 37: 419442.Google Scholar
Spilka, I. (1976). Assessment of second language performance in immersion programs. The Canadian Modern Language Review, 32: 543557.Google Scholar
Spinelli, E. and Alario, F.-X. (2002). Gender context effects on homophone words. Language and Cognitive Processes, 17: 457469.Google Scholar
Surridge, M. (1986). Genre grammatical et dérivation lexicale en français. Canadian Journal of Linguistics, 31: 267284.Google Scholar
Surridge, M. (1993). Gender assignments in French: The hierarchy of rules and the chronology of acquisition. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 31: 7795.Google Scholar
Swain, M. (2000). French immersion research in Canada: recent contributions in SLA and applied linguistics. Annual Review of Applied Linguistic, 20: 199212.Google Scholar
Taft, M. and Meunier, F. (1998). Lexical representation of gender: a quasi-regular domain. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 27: 2345.Google Scholar
Tarone, E., Frauenfelder, U. and Selinker, L. (1976). Systematicity/variability and stability/instability in interlanguage systems: more data from Toronto French immersion. Papers in Second Language Acquisition, special issue of Language Learning: 93134.Google Scholar
Taylor-Browne, K. (1984). The acquisition of grammatical gender by children in French immersion programs. MA dissertation, University of Calgary, Canada.Google Scholar
Trudgill, P. (1999). Language contact and the function of linguistic gender. Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics, 35: 133152.Google Scholar
Tucker, G. R. (1968). French speakers’ skill with grammatical gender: an example of rule-governed behavior. PhD thesis, McGill University, Montreal.Google Scholar
Tucker, G., Lambert, W., Rigault, A. and Segalowitz, N. (1968). A psychological investigation of French native speakers’ skill with grammatical gender. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 7: 312316.Google Scholar
Tucker, G., Lambert, W. and Rigault, A. (1977). The French Speaker's Skill with Grammatical Gender: An Example of Rule-governed Behavior. Paris: Mouton.Google Scholar
Ullman, M. T. (2004). Contributions of memory circuits to language: the declarative/procedural model. Cognition, 92: 231270.Google Scholar
van der Linden, E. and Hulk, A. (2009). Having a hard time: acquiring gender in 2L1/child L2. Talk given at the EUROSLA Conference, Cork, Ireland.Google Scholar
Violin-Wigent, A. (2006). Gender assignment to nouns code-switched to French: observations and explanations. International Journal of Bilingualism, 3: 253276.Google Scholar
Wagner, R. L. and Pinchon, J. (1991). Grammaire du français classique et moderne. Paris: Hachette.Google Scholar
Warden, M. (1997). The effect of form-focused instruction on control over grammatical gender by French immersion students in grade 11. PhD thesis, University of Toronto.Google Scholar