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‘Born in the corridors of the OECD’: the forgotten origins of the Club of Rome, transnational networks, and the 1970s in global history*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 February 2017

Matthias Schmelzer
Matthias Schmelzer*
Affiliation:
Centre for Social and Economic History, University of Zürich, Rämistrasse 64, CH-8001 Zürich, Switzerland E-mail: matthias.schmelzer@uzh.ch
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Abstract

This article re-examines a contested chapter in the international and environmental history of the 1970s. Even though largely neglected by historical research and in the public memory, the Club of Rome – widely remembered for its 1972 report The limits to growth – was not only born within the OECD, but was also in its early period strongly influenced by debates within this think tank of the industrialized countries. Using previously overlooked sources, this article analyses this highly unlikely OECD–Club of Rome nexus. It not only offers a privileged view into the social history of international policy-making and the related personal entanglements and ideological transfers at a key moment of post-war history. It also demonstrates that the social, intellectual, and economic turmoil of the late 1960s prompted a rethinking of the economic growth paradigm, even within those technocratic institutions that had aspired to guide the post-war industrial growth regime. The article argues that these links are not only vital for our understanding of the relationship between acquisitive growth capitalism and environmentalism, but also enable a more profound understanding of the role of transnational networks in global history and the appreciation of the place of the 1970s in world history.

Keywords

economic growtheconomic historyglobal governanceinternational organizationstransnational networks
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Global History , Volume 12 , Issue 1 , March 2017 , pp. 26 - 48
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

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Footnotes

*

For helpful comments, suggestions and criticisms I wish to thank Christian Albrecht, Samuel Beroud, Iris Borowy, Ludovic Fulleringer, Matthieu Liemgruber, Mathias Mutz, Alexander Nützenadel, Dominique Pestre, Kim Priemel, Claudia Prinz, Laura Rischbieter, Elke Seefried, the editors of the Journal of Global History and various anonymous reviewers. The article has also benefited from discussions at several conferences, in particular the Winterschool Limits to Growth Revisited (Hannover 2012), the History of Recent Economics Conference (Cergy-Pontoise 2015) and the World Economic History Congress (Kyoto 2015).

References

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20 Schmelzer, Matthias, ‘Thorkil Kristensen’, Biographical Dictionary of Secretaries-General of International Organizations, 2013, www.ru.nl/fm/iobio (accessed 18 October 2016). On the population debate see Connelly, Fatal misconception.

21 The National Archives, Kew (henceforth TNA), Records of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (henceforth FCO), 55/417, Chadwick to Combs, 15 June 1970; Alexander King, Let the cat turn round: one man’s traverse of the twentieth century, London: CPTM, 2007.

22 King, Let the cat, p. 292.

23 Schmelzer, Hegemony, pp. 189–214. See also the forthcoming PhD thesis by Ludovic Fulleringer at the University of Geneva, provisinally entitled ‘The politics of “science policies”: the OEEC/OECD’s science and technology activities from 1948 to 1976’.

24 See Long, Bill L., International environmental issues and the OECD, 1950–2000: an historical perspective, Paris: OECD, 2000 Google Scholar; Iris Borowy, ‘Negotiating the environment: the making of the OECD Environment Committee and the polluter pays principle, 1968–1972’, in Matthieu Leimgruber and Matthias Schmelzer, eds., The OECD and the international political economy, 1948 to present, Basingstoke: Palgrave, forthcoming.

25 Salomon, Jean Jacques, ‘La tristesse de Cassandre’, in J. Thépot, M. Godet, F. Roubelat, and A. E. Saab, eds., Décision, prospective, auto-organisation: mélanges en l’honneur de Jacques Lesourne, Paris: Dunod, 1999, p. 345 Google Scholar.

26 Long, International environmental issues, pp. 28–30, provides a short overview; Borowy, ‘Negotiating the environment’.

27 Martin Sherwood, ‘OECD seeks a modern science policy’, New Scientist and Science Journal, 1 July 1971, pp. 4–5; Salomon Wald, ‘Umberto Colombo in memoriam: honouring his contribution to the OECD’, 2007, https://web.archive.org/web/20071009124331/http://www.clubofrome.at/news/sup2007/dl_may_col_wald.pdf (consulted 8 November 2016).

28 Trondal et al., Unpacking international organisations, pp. 1–33, 111–37, 156–70.

29 OECD Archive, Paris (henceforth OECDA), Box 36486, Philip H. Trezise to Thorkil Kristensen, 29 September 1967; ‘An outline for an international research center and international studies program for systematic analysis of certain problems of advanced societies’, April 1967.

30 On these issues see Iriye, Arika, Global community: the role of international organizations in the making of the contemporary world, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002 Google Scholar; Trondal et al., Unpacking international organisations; and, still relevant, Cox, Robert W. and Jacobson, Harold K., The anatomy of influence: decision making in international organizations, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1974 Google Scholar.

31 King, Alexander, ‘The launch of a club’, in Pentti Malaska and Matti Vapaavuori, eds., The Club of Rome, Turku: Finnish Society for Futures Studies, 1979, p. 57 Google Scholar.

32 King, Alexander, ‘Research, development and problems of the industrialised societies’, in EIRMA, ed., Documentation and information in research and development, Paris: EIRMA, 1970, p. 131 Google Scholar.

33 King, Alexander, ‘Interview: Club of Rome founder Alexander King discusses his goals and operations’, Executive Intelligence Review, 8, 25, 1981, p. 19 Google Scholar.

34 Pauli, Crusader; Peccei, Aurelio, The chasm ahead, London: Macmillan, 1969 Google Scholar.

35 The Soviet scientist Jermen Gvishiani had read a speech given by Peccei in September 1965 to managers and bankers in Buenos Aires. Impressed, he sent the speech to the CSP delegate Carroll Wilson, who sent it to King’s office. On the conceptual links to Soviet economic debates, see the forthcoming PhD thesis by Yakov Feygin, provisionally entitled ‘Building a ruin: the international political economy of Soviet reformism 1956–1991’. See also Peccei, Aurelio, The human quality, New York: Pergamon Press, 1977, pp. 50–52 Google Scholar, 63; Moll, Scarcity, pp. 61 ff.

36 King, ‘Launch’, p. 56.

37 Ibid.; Jantsch, Erich, Technological forecasting in perspective, Paris: OECD, 1967 Google Scholar. See also Salomon, ‘Tristesse’, p. 343.

38 Howard Brabyn, ‘Cool catalyst’, New Scientist, 24 August 1972; King, ‘Club of Rome’; Peccei, Human quality, p. 65.

39 On the RAND Corporation, see Abella, Alex, Soldiers of reason: the Rand Corporation and the rise of the American empire, Orlando, FL: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009 Google Scholar.

40 Moll, Scarcity, p. 65; King, ‘Club of Rome’, p. 36.

41 The meeting is well documented in Jantsch, Erich, ed., Perspectives on planning: proceedings of the OECD Working Symposium on Long-Range Forecasting and Planning Bellagio, Italy 27th October – 2nd November 1968, Paris: OECD, 1969 Google Scholar.

42 Futures studies were more advanced in the US, where think tanks such as the RAND Corporation had been working in this field for several years. See also Moll, Scarcity, 151. More generally, see Hughes, Thomas P. and Hughes, Agatha C., eds., Systems, experts, and computers: the systems approach in management and engineering, World War II and after, Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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46 Aurelio Peccei, ‘Reflections on the Bellagio conference’, in Jantsch, Perspectives, p. 518. On symposium discussions, see Erich Jantsch, ‘Synopsis of papers and discussions’, in ibid., pp. 13–32.

47 Jay W. Forrester, ‘Reflections on the Bellagio conference’, in Jantsch, Perspectives, p. 509.

48 Jantsch, Perspectives, pp. 7–9. See also Forrester, ‘Reflections’, p. 503. On the meeting, see also Seefried, Zukünfte, pp. 248–9.

49 Churchill, ‘Limits’, p. 40. See also Forrester, ‘From the ranch’; Moll, Scarcity, pp. 70–5.

50 Peccei, Human quality, 73; King, Alexander, Another kind of growth: industrial society and the quality of life, London: David Davies Memorial Institute of International Studies, 1972, p. 12 Google Scholar.

51 Peccei, Human quality, 75.

52 There was some overlap between the Club of Rome and NATO’s Science Committee as well, since both Rennie Whitehead and Eduard Pestel were members of both. Churchill, ‘Limits’, p. 166.

53 Vera-Navas, ‘Club de Rome’, p. 69; Meadows, Donella H. et al., The limits to growth: a report for the Club of Rome’s project on the predicament of mankind, Washington, DC: Potomac Associates, 1972, pp. 189–200 Google Scholar.

54 Schmelzer, Matthias, ‘A club of the rich to help the poor? The OECD, “development”, and the hegemony of donor countries’, in Marc Frey, Sönke Kunkel, and Corinna Unger, eds., International organizations and development, 1945 to 1990, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, pp. 171–195 Google Scholar.

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57 See Metzler, Gabriele, ‘“Geborgenheit im gesicherten Fortschritt”: das Jahrzehnt von Planbarkeit und Machbarkeit’, in Matthias Frese, Julia Paulus, and Karl Teppe, eds., Demokratisierung und gesellschaftlicher Aufbruch: die sechziger Jahre als Wendezeit der Bundesrepublik, Paderborn: Schöningh, 2003, pp. 777–797 Google Scholar; Moll, Scarcity.

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59 On these experts, see Ronald A. Morse, ‘Saburo Okita: Japan’s first globalist’, in Three Dialogues with Saburo Okita, Occasional Papers Nr 1, Washington, DC: The Wilson Center, 1980, pp. iii–viii; Saburo Okita, Japan’s challenging years: reflections on my lifetime, Sydney: George Allen & Unwin, 1983; Wald, ‘Umberto Colombo’; Rennie Whitehead, ‘Memoirs of a boffin: a personal story of life in the 20th century’, 1995, https://web.archive.org/web/20110604210527/http://www3.sympatico.ca/drrennie/memoirs.html (consulted 9 November 2016). For a list of members of the Club of Rome, see Appendix B in Moll, Scarcity.

60 King, ‘Launch’, p. 57.

61 Alexander King, ‘The great transition’, speech delivered to the Sandford Fleming Foundation, University of Waterloo, Ontario, 5 June 1987.

62 Pauli, Crusader, pp. 80–2; Churchill, ‘Limits’, pp. 62 ff.

63 OECDA, Box 36478, Aurelio Peccei to Emile van Lennep, 27 March 1970.

64 Ivan Head, cited in Churchill, ‘Limits’, pp. 20–1.

65 King, ‘Launch’, p. 59: ‘Access to the decision-makers was not difficult.’

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69 OECDA, PRESS/A(69)10, ‘Problems of the modern society: statement by the Secretary-General, Thorkil Kristensen’, 14 February 1969.

70 King, ‘Research’, p. 126. OECDA, C/M(69/5), Minutes of the 180th Meeting, 13–14 February 1969; OECDA, C(69)123, ‘Problems of the modern society: note by the Secretary-General’, 18 September 1969.

71 Emile van Lennep, Working for the world economy: a personal history, Amsterdam: NIBE, 1998, pp. 225, 230. Another possible source was the Marxist philosopher and OECD economist Cornelius Castoriadis, who used this phrase in a lecture in 1965 and was also involved in OECD debates: see Schmelzer, Hegemony, p. 255.

72 On the ‘problématique’, see Club of Rome, ‘Predicament’; Peccei, Chasm ahead.

73 King, ‘Research’, p. 126. See also OECDA, C(69)168, ‘Problems of modern society: economic growth, environment and welfare: note by the Secretary-General’, 16 December 1969.

74 For more on the influence of the events of 1968 on the OECD, see Schmelzer, Hegemony, ch. 7.

75 US National Archives and Records Administration, Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, Office of OECD, RG 59, Box 17, David Beckler to Harvey Brooks, 7 August 1969, and attached report.

76 See Ramunni, Girolamo and Roux, Muriel Le, ‘L’OCDE et les politiques scientifiques: entretien avec Jean-Jacques Salomon’, La Revue pour l’Histoire du CNRS, 3, 2000, pp. 40–58 Google Scholar.

77 OECD, Science, growth and society: report of the Secretary-General’s ad hoc group on new concepts of science policy, Paris: OECD, 1971; Wald, ‘Umberto Colombo’. See also Francisco R. Sagasti, Jean-Jacques Salomon, and Céline Sachs-Jeantet, eds., The uncertain quest: science, technology and development, Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1994.

78 OECD, Science, p. 21. See also King, Alexander, Science and policy: the international stimulus, London: Oxford University Press, 1974, p. 52 Google Scholar.

79 OECDA, Box 36478, Alexander King, Memorandum to Emile van Lennep, 20 October 1969.

80 Van Lennep, Working, p. 227.

81 OECDA, Box 36478, Peccei to van Lennep, 27 March 1970; Hasan Özbekhan to van Lennep, 22 March 1970. In 1971 van Lennep was invited to participate in the meeting of the Club of Rome but had to cancel owing to other engagements: OECDA, Box 36479, Peccei to King, 26 February 1971; King to Peccei, 18 March 1971.

82 TNA, FCO 69/52, ‘NATO and environmental problems’, May 1969.

83 Van Lennep, Working, pp. 225–6. See also OECDA, Box 36486, Manlio Brosio to van Lennep, 14 November 1969; TNA, FCO 69/52, John Chadwick to John Killick, 16 June 1969. On this NATO initiative, see Hamblin, Jacob Darwin, ‘Environmentalism for the Atlantic alliance: NATO’s experiment with the “challenges of modern society”’, Environmental History, 15, 1, 2010, pp. 54–75 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Macekura, Stephen, ‘The limits of the global community: the Nixon administration and global environmental politics’, Cold War History, 11, 4, 2011, pp. 489–518 Google Scholar.

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85 TNA, FCO 55/417, Chadwick to Combs, 15 June 1970; Salomon, ‘Tristesse’, p. 344.

86 Archive of the European Commission in Brussels, BAC/1978 572, Report no. 455, 23 January 1970; OECDA, Box 36486, Gerard Eldin to van Lennep, 4 February 1970; OECDA, C/M(70)1, Minutes of Council Meeting, 13 January 1970.

87 OECDA, Box 36480, King to van Lennep, 25 February 1972; see also OECDA, Box 239707, Confidential memorandum from King to van Lennep, 25 February 1972. The Executive Committee of the Club of Rome did not endorse the MIT study entirely, but wrote a ‘Commentary’ with some critical comments. See Meadows et al., Limits to growth, pp. 185–97.

88 OECDA, Box 36483, van Lennep, speech at the New Zealand Institute of International Affairs, 2 March 1972; OECDA, Box 239707, Confidential memorandum from Bo Kjellén to Secretary-General, 8 February 1972.

89 OECDA, Box 239707, J. C. R. Dow to J. D. Fay, 21 March 1972.

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93 OECD, OECD at work for the environment, Paris: OECD, 1973, p. 8.

94 For more details on the Interfutures study, see Schmelzer, Hegemony, pp. 318–22.

95 TNA, T 354/438, Todd to Bayne, 23 January 1975.

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98 King, ‘Launch’, p. 59.

99 OECDA, C(70)22, ‘Creation of an ad hoc preparatory committee on the activities of the Organisation on environmental problems relating to economic growth’, 5 February 1970. Bernstein, Liberal environmentalism; Long, International environmental issues; Borowy, ‘Negotiating the environment’.

100 Schmelzer, Hegemony, ch. 9.

101 Ibid., chs. 8–9.

102 Bardi, Limits; Edwards, Paul N., A vast machine: computer models, climate data, and the politics of global warming, Boston, MA: MIT Press, 2010 Google Scholar; Sabin, Bet.

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