¹ J.H.S. ii. (1881), p. 152 [= Schliemann, , Bericht über meine Ausgrabungen im böotischen Orchomenos (Leipzig, 1881)].Google Scholar

² The word has little meaning in modern Italian. It is not used popularly, and dictionaries vary from ‘tub’ to ‘china jar.’ The Vocabolario della Crusca [ed. 1729] says: ‘vaso fatto di bolo odoroso, per lo più rosso; benchè se ne trovano ancora de' bianchi e de' neri, che si fabbricano nell' Indie, e in Portogallo.’ Mr. R. L. Hobson tells me that the aromatic pottery in question was first imported into Portugal from Central and South America in the Sixteenth Century, and was extensively imitated there during its extraordinary vogue in Europe. The name was derived from Portuguese and Spanish búcaro. ‘ In Italy the term has been taken in a very different acceptation. We find the words “Vasi di Bucchero nero” employed in their writings by the Italian antiquaries, to represent the black pottery discovered in the ancient Etruscan tombs. If we recollect that the earliest excavations made on the site of the Etruscan necropolis took place at the very time when the taste for American ware was asserting itself in the country, we may assume that the signification of the newly-introduced name was extended to black and unglazed pottery in general, without distinction of age or origin. In this way alone can we account for the adoption of such a strange misnomer.’—M. L. Solon in Pottery Worship: The Fallen Idols. I.—The Noble Buccaros, p. 30 [Paper read at the Meeting of the North Staffordshire Literary and Philosophical Society, Oct. 23rd, 1896].

³ Orchomenos i. pp. 9, 15, 53 [ = Abh. d. k. bayer. Akad. d. Wiss. i. Kl. xxiv. Bd. ii. Abt. (1907)].

⁴ Ilios, p. 587. Schliemann really meant the Buckelkeramik, but did not properly distinguish it.

⁵ Ἀρχ. Ἐϕ. 1912, p. 21 (Fig. 12, the ringed stem of a goblet from Eleusis).

⁶ Prehistoric Thessaly, pp. 194, 186, 159.

⁷ Tsountas, Διμἡνι καὶ Σέσκλο, p. 132.

⁸ Ἐϕ Ἀρχ. 1898, p. 51; 1912, p. 21.

⁹ Prehistoric Thessaly, p. 222.

^9a Ἐϕ Ἀρχ. 1902, p. 130.

¹⁰ Akropolis Vasen, i. p. 1.

¹¹ It is for instance incredible that none was found in the American excavation of the Argive Heraeum, where the painted Mattmalerei was noticed. One suspects that Minyan sherds were well represented among the ‘large number belonging to the “Primitive” class’ which ‘had no decoration of any kind and were therefore thrown on the rubbish heaps’ —Argive Heraeum, ii. p. 60.

¹² Ath. Mitt. 1904, p. 95 (Nisaea and Minoa).

¹³ Mycenae, pp. 154, 241, etc.; Mykenische Vasen, p. 53; Pre. Thessaly, p. 224.

¹⁴ Ath. Mitt. 1913, p. 89; Pre. Thessaly, p. 224.

¹⁵ Ath. Mitt. 1909, Pl. XXIV. 3. Imported probably from the Argolid.

^15a Mr. E. N. Gardiner tells me that he has recently seen pieces from this site in the National Museum at Athens.

¹⁶ Arch. Anz. 1909, p. 122; cp. Pre. Thessaly, p. 229.

¹⁷ B.C.H. 1906, p. 5.

¹⁸ Pre. Thessaly, p. 222.

¹⁹ B.S.A. xvii. p. 16, Phylakopi, p. 154.

²⁰ Pre. Thessaly, p. 226.

²¹ Dawkins and Droop in B.S.A. xvii. p. 17.

²² Furtwaengler and Loescheke made precisely the same classification of the scanty material from Mycenae (Myk. Vasen, p. 54).

²³ Mycenae, No. 339.

²⁴ Schliemann Samml. 3176, 3177; cf. Ilios p. 538 (where six examples are illustrated); Troja u. Ilion, i. Pl. 39, v.

²⁵ B.C.H. 1906, p. 9, Fig. 3.

²⁶ Schliemann Samml. 754 (= Ilios, No. 1102), 1219, etc.; and for the shallow form S.S. 3086 (= Troja u. Ilion, i. Fig. 200).

²⁷ Mycenae, No. 349; Myk. Thongef. Pl. V, 22.

²⁸ Pre. Thessaly, p. 223.

²⁹ B.C.H. 1906, p. 13, Fig. 9; cf. Figs. 10–15.

³⁰ Troja u. Ilion, pp. 246, 265, 290.

³¹ I noted its occurrence on Nos. 3361–3365 in Berlin, but the Catalogue does not distinguish these pieces, and I have not been able to verify the reference.

³² Schliemann Samml. 3163–4, 3488, 3497–3501, etc.

³³ Pre. Thessaly, Fig. 135. The handles ot this goblet are abnormal, but Wace assures me that there was good evidence for their restoration. For the usual flat loop see ibidem, Fig. 103; B.S.A. xvii. Pl. VII. (Phylakopi); Διμήνι, Fig. 40 (Sesklo).

³⁴ Mycenae, No. 230.

³⁵ B.S.A. xvii. Pl. VII. 4, 201.

³⁶ Mycenae, No. 343, p. 234.

³⁷ Ilios, No. 51, p. 224; Troja u. Ilion, Fig. 117; Schliemann Samml. 161.

³⁸ Myk. Vasen, Pl. II. 17; cp. B.S.A. xvi. Pl. II. h, i (Sparta), etc. Mycenae, No. 83.

³⁹ Myk. Vasen, p. 54, Fig. 30.

⁴⁰ Myk. Thongef. Pl. X. 48, 49.

⁴¹ Gourniá, Pl. C 1.

⁴² Pre. Thessaly, Fig. 32 b (Sésklo), Fig. 58 c (Tsanglí); Myk. Thongef. Pl. V. 23, X. 50 (Mycenae).

⁴³ Pre. Thessaly, pp. 21, 231.

⁴⁴ I have received much practical assistance, especially in regard to modern processes, from Mr. J. H. Mott, Art Director, and Mr. W. Thomason, Chemist, of Doulton's Pottery at Lambeth, who have also read the proofs of the technical part of this paper.

⁴⁵ Franchet quotes the highest percentage of 14; his normal proportion is about 8 per cent. (La Céramique Primitive, pp. 6, 83). Mr. Thomason does not accept Franchet's account, and gives me the following note. ‘Clays contain iron as a ferrous silicate for the most part, but occasionally the iron is present as the peroxide, in which case it is free, as no ferric silicate is known to exist in nature. Such clays are mainly surface clays. Oxide of iron, whether existing as ferrous or ferric oxide, free or in combination as clay, under the action of heat and an excess of air, produces a red colour, more or less intense according to the iron content of the clay and the temperature of ignition, and is also influenced by the other constituents of the clay.’ The effect of firing is the same in any case.

⁴⁶ Journ. Anthr. Inst. 1903, p. 370 (The Early Pot-fabrics of Asia Minor).

⁴⁷ I.G. ii. 546.

⁴⁸ Petrie, , Naqada and Ballas, p. 37Google Scholar, Diospolis Parva, p. 13; Ormerod, in B.S.A. xvi. p. 96.Google Scholar Mr. Thomason informs me that haematite and ochre give browns rather than reds. The dark tones may be due to the much higher temperature of modern firing; but in the case of bright red colours the possibility of haematite pigment must be put to the test.

⁴⁹ Céram. Primit. p. 90, note 3.

⁵⁰ Alternative processes are quoted by Myres and Ormerod, ll. cc.

⁵¹ Aus. ionisch, u. ital. Necrop, p. 120.

⁵² I am indebted to Mr. W. Thomason, Chemist at Doulton's Pottery, for this modern parallel. The statement of de la Charlonie, P. Marguerite (Rev. des Ét. grecques, 1907, p. 236Google Scholar, quoted in Year's Work, 1908, p. 43) that the method of smoking to the point of saturation is still practised in England ‘pour les faïences de Wegword’ (if this means Wedgwood) is not only false but ridiculous. Wedgwood ‘black basalt’ is a stoneware, fired to a temperature of about 1400°C. until the paste is vitrified, and could not contain carbonaceous matter. It is stained with metallic oxides, such as manganese and cobalt, and is not fired in reducing atmosphere.

⁵³ Céram. primit. p. 90.

⁵⁴ Schmidt, Schliemann Sammlung, passim.

⁵⁵ Céram. primit. pp. 9, 26, 72.

⁵⁶ Petrie advanced the ingenious theory that the brilliance of the black portion is heightened by a sort of glaze formed from magnetic oxide fused by carbonyl, ‘a gas which generally results from imperfect combustion’ (= carbon monoxide)—Naqada and Ballas, p. 37. Koerte's statement (Ath. Mitt. 1899, p. 24) that some of these vases at Bonn are touched with graphite may well be correct, but has no value unless supported by the chemical test. I am equally unable to find evidence that the pots contain no carbonaceous colouring (Petrie, loc. cit.).

⁵⁷ Summarised by Walters in Brit. Mus. Catalogue of Vases, I. ii. p. xxiii.

⁵⁸ Aus. ion. Necrop. pp. 95–97.

⁵⁹ Gardner, E. A. in Naucratis ii. (1885), pp. 47, 65Google Scholar, followed by Loeschcke, in Arch. Anz. 1891, p. 18.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ So Kinch, , Fouilles de Vrouliá, p. 174Google Scholar: ‘coupes vrouliennes’ (coloured reproductions).

⁶¹ Many grey pieces may owe their colour to later burning, especially small vases, such as the Protocorinthian. See the account of pottery found by Wace and Thompson in Early Iron Age cremation burials at Halos, (B.S.A. xviii. p. 21).Google Scholar

⁶² Comptes Rendus de l'Acad. 1901, p. 815.

⁶³ Ath. Mitt. xxiv. p. 21.

⁶⁴ B.S.A. xvi. p. 89; xviii. p. 80, Pls. V.–VII.

⁶⁵ Poppelreuter in Arch. Anzeiger, 1896, p. 105; Schmidt in Troja und Ilion, i. pp. 243 ff., and Schliemann's Sammlung trojanischer Altertümer (Berlin, 1902).

⁶⁶ Rev. des Ét. grecques, 1907, p. 237. The grey-figure' Attic vases are simply burnt redfigure. Bonfires of dry and green wood, even with conscientious addition of ‘morceaux de viande et de graisse,’ are poor imitations of a funeral pyre. The duration of this experiment is not recorded. Moreover ancient pots were accidentally burnt in hotter fires and intensely reducing atmospheres which would be costly to reproduce.

⁶⁷ Woolley, in Liverpool Annals, 1914, p. 88, Pl. xixGoogle Scholar; Hogarth in Illustrated London News, January 24, 1914.

⁶⁸ Excavaciones de Numancia, Pl. XXVI. D.

⁶⁹ Ilios, pp. 299, 464, 535, etc.; Mycenae, pp. 116, 231.

⁷⁰ Schliemann Sammlung; see Note 26 above.

⁷¹ Troja u. Ilion, Fig. 281; S.S. 5873. One handle is restored in the drawing.

⁷² Prehistoric Thessaly, Cap. xii. xiv.

⁷³ The evidence has been exhaustively published by Wace and Thompson in Prehistoric Thessaly (1912), mostly from their own excavations.

⁷⁴ Pre. Thessaly, p. 14 (A 3 β), p. 198, Fig. 140 (Chaironeia).

⁷⁵ Op. cit. p. 15 (Α 5 γ).

⁷⁶ Op. cit. p. 17 (Γ 1 β).

⁷⁷ Op. cit. p. 16 (Β 3 α), Pl. I.; coloured reproductions also in Διμήνι καὶ Σέσκλο, Pls. VIII.–X.

⁷⁸ Pre. Thessaly, p. 223.

⁷⁹ Akrop. Vasen, i. p. 1; Poulsen, , Dipylon Gräber, p. 76.Google Scholar One of these sherds (5) may actually be Trojan, showing the distinctive Wellenlinie ornament of Cities VI.–VII., but it is red, not grey. The others, if not local, are likely to be Cycladic.

⁸⁰ Ath. Mitt. 1913, p. 88.

⁸¹ Pre. Thessaly, pp. 145, 178, Figs. 122–124.

⁸² Pre. Thessaly, p. 194; Rev. des Ét. grecques, 1912, p. 270 (H. Marina).

⁸³ Phylakopi, pp. 86, 248; B.S.A. xvii. p. 16.

⁸⁴ Ἐϕ Ἀρχ. 1899, p. 93, Pl. 9.

⁸⁵ Myk. Vasen, p. vi.

⁸⁶ Ath. Mitt. 1896, p. 385, Pl. XV.

⁸⁷ Ἐϕ Ἀρχ, 1898, p. 51; 1912, p. 1.

⁸⁸ Akrop. Vasen, i. Pl. 1.

⁸⁹ Ath. Mitt. 1904, p. 95.

⁹⁰ Ἐϕ. Ἀρχ. 1895, p. 235, Pl. X.; 1910, p. 177.

⁹¹ Myk. Thongef. p. 2.

⁹² Ath. Mitt. 1913. p. 89.

⁹³ Argive Heraeum, ii. p. 72.

⁹⁴ Orchomenos, i. p. 9.

⁹⁵ Ἐϕ. Ἀρχ. 1910, p. 231.

⁹⁶ B.S.A. xvi. p. 72.

⁹⁷ B.C.H. 1906, p. 20.

⁹⁸ Phylakopi, Pl. VII. etc.

⁹⁹ B.S.A. xvi. p. 72. Some monochrome sherds seem to show Minyan influence.

¹⁰⁰ Published by Weege in Ath. Mitt. 1911, p. 163.

¹⁰¹ Weege points out that some of the originals must have been practically identical with North Italian pottery from the Terramare settlements. Others would find closer parallels in the Villanova fabrics. These are probably the earliest ‘Hellenic’ documents that we have.

¹⁰² Ath. Mitt. 1909, p. 269.

¹⁰³ The finds are collected in Pre. Thessaly, cap. xiii.

¹⁰⁴ Specimens in the British Museum and elsewhere: B.M. Handbook to Ethnographical Collections (1910), p. 111, Pl. V.

¹⁰⁵ Boyd, Harriet, Gournia, p. 50, Pl. XII. (Vasiliki).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁶ Wide in Jahrbuch, 1899, p. 78 (‘Geometrische Vasen aus Griechenland’).

¹⁰⁷ My account is a very short summary of Bulle's report in Orchomenos i.

^107a Ἀρχ. Ἐϕ. 1910) p. 209, Pll. VII–X.

¹⁰⁸ Prchistoric Thessaly, p. 177

¹⁰⁹ B.S.A. xvii. p. 17.

¹¹⁰ Ath. Mitt. 1889, p. 262: tombs containing very early Mycenean pottery.

¹¹¹ Ionia and the East, p. 47.