Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-7nlkj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-08-02T06:04:47.290Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Racial Representation and Brazilian Politics: Black Members of the National Congress, 1983–1999

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Ollie A. Johnson III
Ollie A. Johnson III*
Affiliation:
University of Maryland, College Park
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

There is a stereotype of who can be intelligent

and competent, who can have power. In Brazil it is

rich, white men who represent the face of power.

—Benedita da Silva, Afro-Brazilian Senator

In examining politics, legislatures, and elected officials, scholars often make a distinction between descriptive and substantive representation. In the former, representatives share the social or demographic characteristics of the represented (Pitkin 1967, 60–91; Mansbridge 1996). In the latter, representatives pursue policies favorable to the interests of the represented (Swain 1993, 5; Lublin 1997, 12). From the perspective of these scholars, substantive representation may be achieved without descriptive representation. At the same time, these two types of representation are not mutually exclusive.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs , Volume 40 , Issue 4 , Winter 1998 , pp. 97 - 118
Copyright
Copyright © University of Miami 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Andrews, George Reid. 1991. Blacks and Whites in São Paulo, Brazil, 1888–1988. Madison : University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
deAragão, Murillo, and David, Fleischer. 1991. Perfil parlamentar brasileiro. São Paulo : Editora Três.Google Scholar
Baaklini, Abdo I. 1992. The Brazilian Legislature and Political System. Westport : Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Bento, Ruben. 1994. Member, Chamber of Deputies. Author interview. Brasília, 21 July.Google Scholar
Brazil. Câmara dos Deputados. Deputados brasileiros: repertório biográfico 19841995. Brasília: Câmara dos Deputados, Centro de Documentação e Informação, Coordenação de Publicações.Google Scholar
Cardoso, Edson Lopes. 1997. Author, activist. Brasília. Author telephone interview. 24 August.Google Scholar
Cardoso, Edson Lopes, ed. 1996. Por uma política nacional de combate ao racismo e à desigualdade racial: marcha Zumbi contra o racismo, pela cidadania e a vida. Brasília : Cultural Gráfica e Editora.Google Scholar
Conniff, Michael L., and Frank, D. McCann, eds. 1989. Modern Brazil: Elites and Masses in Historical Perspective. Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Desposato, Scott. 1997. Party Switching in Brazil's 49th Chamber of Deputies. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, Dc, 27–31 August.Google Scholar
Departamento Intersindical de Assessoria Parlamentar (DIAP). 1988. Quem foi quem na constituinte—nas questões de interesse dos trabalhadores. São Paulo : Obore.Google Scholar
Fernandes, Florestan. 1969. The Negro in Brazilian Society. New York : Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Fernandes, Florestan. 1978. Integração do negro na sociedade de classes. São Paulo : Atica.Google Scholar
Fleischer, David. 1990. The Constituent Assembly and the Transformation Strategy: Attempts to Shift Political Power in Brazil from the Presidency to Congress. In The Political Economy of Brazil: Public Policies in an Era of Transition, ed. Lawrence, S. Graham and Robert, H. Wilson. Austin : University of Texas Press. 210–58.Google Scholar
Fleischer, David. 1993. Financiamento de campanhas políticas no Brasil. In Sistemas eleitorais e processos políticos comparados: a promessa de democracia na América Latina e Caribe, ed. Luiz, Pedone. Brasília : UnB/OAS/CNPq. 243–59.Google Scholar
Fleischer, David, ed. 1988. Da distensão a abertura: as eleições de 1982. Brasília : Editora Universidade de Brasília.Google Scholar
Folha de São Paulo. 1996. Olho no congresso. Special supplement. January 14.Google Scholar
Fontaine, Pierre Michel. 1985a. Blacks and the Search for Power in Brazil. in Fontaine 1985b. 56–72.Google Scholar
Fontaine, Pierre Michel, ed. 1985b. Race, Class, and Power in Brazil. Los Angeles : Center for Afro-American Studies, University of California.Google Scholar
Gonzalez, Lélia. 1985. The Unified Black Movement: a New Stage in Black Political Mobilization. in Fontaine 1985b. 120–34.Google Scholar
Guimarães, Antonio Sérgio Alfredo. 1995. Raça, racismo e grupos de cor no Brasil. Estudos Afro-Asiáticos 27 (April): 45–63.Google Scholar
Hanchard, Michael George. 1994. Orpheus and Power: The Movimento Negro of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, Brazil, 1945–1988. Princeton : Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hasenbalg, Carlos. 1979. Discriminação e desigualdades raciais no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro : Graal.Google Scholar
Hasenbalg, Carlos. 1996. Racial Inequalities in Brazil and Throughout Latin America: Timid Responses to Disguised Racism. In Constructing Democracy: Human Rights, Citizenship, and Society in Latin America, ed. Elizabeth, Jelin and Eric, Hershberg. Boulder : Westview Press. 161–75.Google Scholar
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). 1991. Censo Demográfico. http:www.ibge.gov.brpopulacao residente (Accessed 15 May 1997).Google Scholar
Irohin (Brasília). 1996. No. 1 (May-June): 1.Google Scholar
Keck, Margaret. 1992. The Workers' Party and Democratization in Brazil. New Haven : Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Lamounier, Bolívar. 1968. Raça e classe na política brasileira. Cadernos Brasileiros 47: 39–50.Google Scholar
Lamounier, Bolívar. 1989. Brazil: Inequality Against Democracy. In Democracy in Developing Countries: Latin America, ed. Larry, Diamond, Juan, J. Linz, and Seymour Martin, Lipset. Boulder : Lynne Rienner. 111–57.Google Scholar
Lamounier, Bolívar. 1993. Institutional Structure and Governability in the 1990s. In Brazil: The Challenges of the 1990s, ed. Maria D'Alva, G. Kinzo. London : Institute of Latin American Studies, University of London/British Academic Press. 117–37.Google Scholar
Leal, Victor Nunes. 1986. Coronelismo, enxada e voto (O município e o regime representativo no Brasil). São Paulo : Alfa-Omega.Google Scholar
Leite, José Correia, and Cuti [Luiz Silva]. 1992. E disse o velho militante José Correia Leite. São Paulo : Secretaria Municipal de Cultura.Google Scholar
Lima, Olavo Brasil de Jr., and Santos, Fabiano Guilherme dos 1991. O sistema proportional no Brasil: lições de vida. In Sistema eleitoral brasileiro: teoria e prática, ed. Lima, Olavo Brasil de Jr. Rio de Janeiro : IUPERJ. 133–52.Google Scholar
Love, Joseph L. 1970. Political Participation in Brazil, 1881–1969. Luso-Brazilian Review 7, 2: 3–24.Google Scholar
Lovell, Peggy A. 1994. Race, Gender, and Development in Brazil. Latin American Research Review 29, 3: 7–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lublin, David. 1997. The Paradox of Representation: Racial Gerrymandering and Minority Interests in Congress. Princeton : Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott. 1995. Brazil: Weak Parties, Feckless Democracy. in Mainwaring and Scully 1995. 334–98.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott, and Timothy, R. Scully, eds. 1995. Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America. Stanford : Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott, and Matthew Soberg, Shugart, eds. 1997. Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mansbridge, Jane. 1996. In Defense of “Descriptive” Representation. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, 28–31 August.Google Scholar
Medeiros, Carlos. Author, activist. 1997. Author interview, Bowie, Md, 15 September.Google Scholar
Minority Rights Group, eds. 1995. No Longer Invisible: Afro-Latin Americans Today. London : Minority Rights Publications.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Michael. 1985. Blacks and the Abertura Democrática. in Fontaine 1985b. 95–119.Google Scholar
Monteiro, Brandão, and de Oliveira, Carlos Alberto P.. 1989. Os partidos políticos. São Paulo : Global.Google Scholar
Moore, Carlos, Tanya, R. Sanders, and Shawna, Moore, eds. 1995. African Presence in the Americas. Trenton , NJ : Africa World Press.Google Scholar
doNascimento, Abdias. 1978. O genocídio do negro brasiletro: processo de um racismo mascarado. São Paulo : Paz e Terra.Google Scholar
doNascimento, Abdias. 1994. Brazilian Senator. Author interview. Rio de Janeiro, 21 June.Google Scholar
doNascimento, Abdias, ed. 1985. Povo negro: a successão e a “Nova República”. Rio de Janeiro : IPEAFRO.Google Scholar
doNascimento, Abdias, and Elisa, Nascimento. 1994. Africans in Brazil. Trenton : African World Press.Google Scholar
Nicolau, Jairo Marconi. 1993. Sistema eleitoral e reforma política. Rio de Janeiro : Foglio Editora.Google Scholar
Nicolau, Jairo Marconi. 1996. Multipartidarismo e democracia. Rio de Janeiro : Fundação Getúlio Vargas.Google Scholar
O'Donnell, Guillermo, and Philippe, C. Schmitter. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Oliveira, Clóves Luiz Pereira. 1991. O negro e o poder—os negros candidatos a vereador em Salvador, em 1988. Caderno Crh (Salvador), Supplemento. 94–116.Google Scholar
Paim, Paulo. 1997. Em defesa da cidadania dos afro-brasileiros. Brasília : Centro de Documentação e Informação, Coordenação de Publicações, Câmara dos Deputados.Google Scholar
Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel. 1967. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley : University of California Press.Google Scholar
Prandi, Reginaldo. 1996. Raça e voto na eleição de 1994. Estudos Afro-Asiáticos 30 (December): 61–78.Google Scholar
Reichmann, Rebecca. 1995. Brazil's Denial of Race. NACLA Report on the Americas 28, 6 (May-June): 35–45.Google Scholar
Reis, Fabio Wanderley, and Guillermo, O'Donnell, eds. 1988. A democracia no Brasil: dilemas e perspectivas. São Paulo : Vértice.Google Scholar
Roett, Riordan. 1992. Brazil: Politics in a Patrimonial Society. Westport : Praeger.Google Scholar
Santana, Carlos. 1994. Member, Chamber of Deputies. Author interview. Brasília, 20 July.Google Scholar
Santos, Wanderley Guilherme dos. 1986. Sessenta e quatro: anatomia da crise. São Paulo : Vertice.Google Scholar
Santana, Carlos. 1987. Crise e castigo: partidos e generais na política brasileira. São Paulo : Vertice.Google Scholar
Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz. 1993. O espetáculo das raças: cientistas, instituições e questão racial no Brasil, 1870–1930. São Paulo : Companhia das Letras.Google Scholar
daSilva, Benedita. 1988. Mulher negra. Brasília : Centro de Documentação e Informação, Coordenação de Publicações, Câmara dos Deputados.Google Scholar
daSilva, Benedita, Medea, Benjamin, and Maísa, Mendonça. 1997. Benedita da Silva: An Afro-Brazilian Woman's Story of Politics and Love. Oakland : Institute for Food and Development Policy.Google Scholar
Silva, Nelson do Valle. 1985. Updating the Cost of Not Being White in Brazil. in Fontaine 1985b. 42–55.Google Scholar
Skidmore, Thomas E. 1988. The Politics of Military Rule in Brazil, 1964–1985. New York : Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Skidmore, Thomas E. 1993a. Biracial U.S.a. vs. Multiracial Brazil: Is the Contrast Still Valid Journal of Latin American Studies 25, 2: 373–86.Google Scholar
Skidmore, Thomas E. 1993b. Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought. Durham : Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Soares, Glaucio Ary Dillon. 1984. Colégio eleitoral, convenções partidãrias e eleições diretas. Petrópolis : Vozes.Google Scholar
Soares, Glaucio Ary Dillon, and Nelson do Valle Silva. 1987. Urbanization, Race, and Class in Brazilian Politics. Latin American Research Review 22, 2: 155–76.Google Scholar
Sorj, Bernardo, and de Almeida, Maria Hermínia Tavares, eds. 1984. Sociedade e política no Brasil pós-64. São Paulo : Brasiliense.Google Scholar
deSouza, Amaury. 1971. Raça e política no Brasil urbano. Revista de Administração de Empresas 11, 4 (Oct.-Dec.): 61–70.Google Scholar
Stepan, Alfred, ed. 1989. Democratizing Brazil: Problems of Transition and Consolidation. New York : Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Swain, Carol M. 1993. Black Faces, Black Interests: The Representatives of African Americans in Congress. Cambridge : Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
deToledo, Roberto Pompeu, ed. 1989. O álbum dos presidentes: a história vista pelo JB (Jornal do Brasil]. Rio de Janeiro : Jornal do Brasil.Google Scholar
Twine, France Winddance. 1998. Racism in a Racial Democracy: The Maintenance of White Supremacy in Brazil. New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Valente, Ana Lúcia E. F. 1986. Política e relações raciais: os negros e as eleições paulistas de 1982. São Paulo : FFLCH/Universidade de São Paulo.Google Scholar
Vigilante, Chico. 1994. Member, Chamber of Deputies. Author interview. Brasília, 21 July.Google Scholar
Wade, Peter. 1993. Blackness and Race Mixture: The Dynamics of Racial Identity in Colombia. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Wade, Peter. 1997. Race and Ethnicity in Latin America. London : Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Walters, Ronald W. 1993. Pan-Africanism in the African Diaspora: An Analysis of Modern Afrocentric Political Movements. Detroit : Wayne State University Press.Google Scholar
Winant, Howard. 1994. Racial Conditions: Politics, Theory, Comparisons. Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Zirker, Daniel. 1995. The Legislature and Democratic Transition in Brazil. In Legislatures and the New Democracies in Latin America, ed. David, Close. Boulder : Lynne Rienner. 89–112.Google Scholar