Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-k7p5g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-09T02:32:52.689Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Realism and Internationalism in the Gulf of Venezuela*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Larry N. George
Larry N. George*
Affiliation:
University of New Mexico
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The Colombian Naval Corvette Caldas sailed under orders into a disputed zone of the Gulf of Venezuela on 9 August 1987 and began ordering Venezuelan fishing boats and naval craft to leave areas which the Colombian vessel declared were the territorial waters of Colombia. The Venezuelan navy responded by deploying frigates to the scene to reassert Venezuela's claim of territorial jurisdiction over the waters. A protracted naval encounter followed; Venezuelan warships crossed the prow of the Caldas and dispatched Mirage fighter aircraft to overfly it. As the confrontation proceeded, both governments appealed for calm but took steps which to many observers suggested preparations for war.

Type
The Colombian-Venezuelan Boundary Dispute
Information
Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs , Volume 30 , Issue 4 , Winter 1988 , pp. 139 - 170
Copyright
Copyright © University of Miami 1988

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

The author wishes to thank Andelfo Garcia of the Universidad Externado de Colombia for his assistance with this article, and to acknowledge contributions from José Hernán Aguilár, Rosa Bernál, Arturo Galvéz, Carmella García, Beatrice Gutiérrez, Uva Hayos, Nancy Nelson, Enrique Ogliastri, Germán Ramírez, Alfredo Vásquez Carrizosa, as well as a number of others in the international diplomatic and political communities who provided information with the understanding that they would remain anonymous. The stimulus for the research came from a conversation with Martin Needier. Funds were provided by the Fulbright-Hays program.

References

Archbishops and Bishops of Venezuela (1981) “Opinión de episcopado venezolano.” (11 enero): 150–153.Google Scholar
Ardila, M. (1988) “El diferendo colombo-venezolano y la política binacional.” Análisis Político 3 (enero-abril): 116–119.Google Scholar
Area, L. and de Stockhausen, E. Nieschulz (1984) El Golfo de Venezuela: Documentación y Cronología. Caracas, Venezuela: Universidad Central de Venezuela.Google Scholar
Asociación Sudamerica de Estudios Geopoliticos e Internacionales (ASEGI) (1985) “El Golfo de Venezuela.” Geosur (mayo-junio): 19.Google Scholar
Asociación Sudamerica de Estudios Geopoliticos e Internacionales (ASEGI) (1984) “Venezuela y sus Limites con Colombia.” Geosur (Diciembre 1983-Enero 1984): 47–49.Google Scholar
Atkins, P. (1977) Latin America in the International Political System. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishers.Google Scholar
Axelrod, R. (1984) The Evolution of Cooperation. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Bagley, B. and Tokatlian, J. (1985) “Colombian Foreign Policy in the 1980s: The Search for Leverage.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 27, 3 (Fall): 27–62.Google Scholar
Blecher, M. (1979) “Equitable Delimitation of Continental Shelf.” American Journal of International Law 73, 1 (January): 60–88.Google Scholar
Boersner, D. (1983) ‘Venezuela,” pp. 397–415 in Drekonja, G. and Tokatlián, J. (eds.), Teoría y práctica de la política exterior latinoamericana. Bogotá Colombia: Cerec.Google Scholar
Boggs, W. (195D) “Delimitation of Seaward Areas Under National Jurisdiction.” American Journal of International Law 45:2 (April): 240–266.Google Scholar
Borrero-Mansilla, A. (1988) “¿Es creíble una amenaza militar venezolana?” Análisis Político 3, (enero-abril): 120–124.Google Scholar
Bowett, D. (1979) The Legal Regime of Islands in International Law. New York, NY: Oceana.Google Scholar
Bustos, J. (n.d.) “Los monjes condenan a Juan Uribe Holguin.” Prepared for the Colombian Congress hearings on Uribe Holguin. (Photocopy).Google Scholar
Carpio-Casttllo, R. (1986) “Nuestro país no tiene prisa en definir diferendo con Colombia.” El Nacional (Caracas) (3 mayo).Google Scholar
Carpio-Casttllo, R. (1980) El golfo de Venezuela y el tratado Herrera-Campins — Turbay Ayala. Caracas, Venezuela: Ed-Arte.Google Scholar
Cavelier, G. (1977) Memoria Historico-juridica sobre el asunto de los monjes. Bogotá, Colombia: Ed. Kelly.Google Scholar
Child, J. (1985) Geopolitics and Conflict in South America. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers.Google Scholar
(El) Colombiano (1987a) 20 agosto: 6.Google Scholar
(El) Colombiano (1987b) 19 agosto: 1.Google Scholar
Conforti, B. (1986) “L'Arret de la cour internationale de justice dans l'affaire de la delimitation du Plateau Continental entre la Libye et Malte.” Revue Genérale de Droit International Public (Paris): 313–343.Google Scholar
Correa, J. (1988) “Centroamerica: un mercado que Colombia debe aprovechar.” El Tiempo (18 julio): 20.Google Scholar
Correo de los Andes (1988) (enero-febrero), entire issue.Google Scholar
Crabb, J. (1982) “New Tendencies in the Settlement of International Disputes.” American Journal of Comparative Law 30: 349–363.Google Scholar
Crawley, E. (1988) “The Church: Political Brokers in Cassocks.” South 92, (June): 18.Google Scholar
Crist Ancho, J. (1988) “Preven aumento del contrabando y depresión en el agro colombiano.” El Tiempo (1 julio).Google Scholar
Cruz-Cardenas, A. (1988) “Fronteras, no; cultura, sí!” El Tiempo (26 junio): 4B.Google Scholar
D'Artagnan, (1988) “Vuelven los monjes.” El Tiempo, (12 Abril): 5A.Google Scholar
de Roux, F. (1983) La crisis de la cuenca del Caribe y la política colombiana. Bogotá, Colombia: Cinep.Google Scholar
Doyle, M. (1983) “Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs.” Philosophy and Public Affairs 12, 3-4 (June and October).Google Scholar
Drekonja, G. and Cepeda, F. (1983) “Colombia” pp. 239–266 in Drekonja, G. and Tokatlián, J. (eds.) Teoría y Práctica de la Política Exterior Latinoamericana. Bogotá, Colombia: Cerec.Google Scholar
Drekonja, G. and Cepeda, F. (1983) Teoría y Práctica de la Política Exterior Latinoamericana. Bogotá, Colombia: Cerec.Google Scholar
Eastman, J. and Monroy-Cabra, M. (1987) El diferendo Colombo- Venezolano. Bogotá, Colombia: Ed. Oveja Negra.Google Scholar
Farer, T. (1985) “Contadora: The Hidden Agenda.” Foreign Policy 59, (Summer): 59–72.Google Scholar
Farer, T. (ed.) (1979) The Future of the Interamerican System. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers.Google Scholar
Feldman, M. (1983) “The Tunisia-Libya Continental Shelf Case: Geographic Justice or Judicial Compromise?” American Journal of International Law 77, 2 (April):219–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferris, E. (1981) “The Andean Pact and the Amazon Treaty: Reflections of Changing Latin American Relations.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, 23, 2 (May): 147–176.Google Scholar
Fogg, R. (1985) “Dealing with Conflict: A Repertoire of Creative, Peaceful Approaches.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 29, 2: 330–358.Google Scholar
Garcia, A. (1987) La delimitación de espacios oceánicos: el caso Colombo-Venezolano. Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad Externado.Google Scholar
Garrett, J. (1985) “The Beagle Channel: Confrontation and Negotiation in the Southern Cone.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 27, 3 (Fall): 81–109.Google Scholar
George, L. (1988) “La decadencia del dragón: US Hegemonic Decline and the Future of Interamerican Relations.” International Relations 9, 3 (May): 257–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gutierrez-Alfaro, T. (1973) “Mar interior y bahías históricas.” Boletín de la Academia de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales (Caracas) (enero-junio): 273-280.Google Scholar
Gutierrez-Alfaro, T. (1972) “El golfo de Venezuela: mar territorial y plataforma continental.” Boletín de la Academia de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales (Caracas) (enero-junio): 48–49.Google Scholar
Hayes, M. (1984) Latin America and the US National Interest. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Hazelton, W. (1984) “The Foreign Policies of Venezuela and Colombia: Collaboration, Competition, and Conflict,” pp. 151–170 in Lincoln, J. and Ferris, E., The Dynamics of Latin American Foreign Policies. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Holguin-Pelaez, H. (1975) Los monjes. Bogotá, Colombia: Ed. Prosartes.Google Scholar
International Court of Justice (ICJ) (1985) Case Concerning the Continental Shelf (Libya/Malta), Judgement of 3June. The Hague, Netherlands: World Court.Google Scholar
International Court of Justice (ICJ) (1984) Case Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area (Canada/US), Judgement of 12 October The Hague, Netherlands: World Court.Google Scholar
International Court of Justice (ICJ) (1969) North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Germany/ Denmark/’ Netherlands), Judgement of 20 February. The Hague, Netherlands: World Court.Google Scholar
Ireland, G. (1941) Boundaries, Possessions, and Conflicts in Central America, North America, and the Caribbean. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Ireland, G. (1938) Boundaries, Possessions, and Conflicts in South America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Keohane, R. (1984) After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Krasner, S. (1985) Structural Conflict: The Third World against Global Liberalism. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Legault, L. and Hankey, B. (1985) “From Sea to Seabed: The Single Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Case.” American Journal of International Law 79, 4 (October): 961–991.Google Scholar
Lincoln, J. and Ferris, E. (1984) The Dynamics of Latin American Foreign Policies. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Lopez-Michelson, A. and Perez, C. (1988) Television Interview Broadcast (11 July) Bogotá Channel 1.Google Scholar
Lusinchi, J. (1987) “Firmeza inquebrantante en la defensa de la soberanía,” pp. 154–155 inj. Olavarria, , (ed.) El golfo de Venezuela es de Venezuela. Caracas, Venezuela: Ed. Armitano.Google Scholar
Morales-Paul, I. (1984) “Las nuevas tendencias del derecho internacional para la solución de controversias relativas a zonas fronterizas.” Anuario Hispano—Americano de Derecho Internacional 7:173–214.Google Scholar
Morales-Paul, I. (1983) La delimitación de areas marinas y sub-marinas al norte de Venezuela. Caracas, Venezuela: Academia de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales.Google Scholar
Morales-Paul, I. (1972) “Caso del golfo de Venezuela.” Boletín de la Academia de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales (Caracas) 50-51 (julio-diciembre): 211–231.Google Scholar
Morris, M. and Millan, V. (eds.) (1983) Controlling Latin American Conflicts: Ten Approaches. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
(El) Nacional (Caracas) (1980a) 5 diciembre: D2.Google Scholar
(El) Nacional (Caracas) (1980b) 20 noviembre: D14.Google Scholar
(El) Nacional (Caracas) (1980c) 11 noviembre: D4.Google Scholar
(El) Nacional (Caracas) (1980d) 4 noviembre: DI.Google Scholar
(El) Nacional (Caracas) (1980e) 22 octubre: DI.Google Scholar
(El) Nacional (Caracas) (1980f) 5 octubre: C14-15.Google Scholar
(El) Nacional (Caracas) (1980g) 29 setiembre: D3.Google Scholar
(El) Nacional (Caracas) (1980h) 28 setiembre: D13.Google Scholar
(El) Nacional (Caracas) (1980f) 25 setiembre: D23, D25.Google Scholar
(El) Nacional (Caracas) (1980j) 4 agosto: DIO.Google Scholar
(El) Nacional (Caracas) (1980k) 23 enero: D2.Google Scholar
Naciones Unidas (UN) (1980) IV Conferencia sobre el derecho del mar, documentos oficiales XTV, 90 período de sesiones.Google Scholar
Nikken, P. (1980) La ‘costa seca’ favorece a Colombia. Caracas, Venezuela: Imprenta Nacional.Google Scholar
Olavarria, J. (1987) El golfo de Venezuela es de Venezuela. Caracas, Venezuela: Ed. Armitano.Google Scholar
Organization of American States (OAS) (1987) Document CP/ACTA/707/ 87, pp. 168-187 reprinted in J. Eastman and M. Monroy- Cabra, (eds.) El Diferendo Colombo-Venezolano. Bogotá, Colombia: Ed. Oveja Negra.Google Scholar
Oye, K. ed. (1986) Cooperation under Anarchy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Perez, C. (1988) Interview. El Tiempo (17 July): IB, 4B.Google Scholar
Puig, J. (1983) “Controlling Latin American Conflicts: Current Judicial Trends and Perspectives for the Future,” pp. 11–39 in Morris, M. and Millan, V. (eds.) Controlling Latin American Conflicts: Ten Approaches. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Riding, A. (1988) “Colombian Drugs and Rebels Move in on Venezuela.” New York Times (20 January).Google Scholar
Robinson, D., Colson, D., and Rashkow, B. (1985) “Some Perspectives on Adjudicating Before the World Court: The Gulf of Maine Case”. American Journal of International Law 79, 3 (Jury); 578–597.Google Scholar
Romero, A. (1986) “La situación estrategia de Venezuela.” Ciencia Política Iii Trimestre: 24–42.Google Scholar
Romero, C. (1984) Política exterior de Venezuela. Caracas, Venezuela: Centro Gumilla.Google Scholar
Salom-Franco, N. (1986) Aspectos actuales del derecho del mar. Bogotá, Colombia: Banco Hipotecario.Google Scholar
Sandner, G. (1988) “Límites e interrelaciones geopolíticos en el Caribe.” Análisis Político 3: 103–112.Google Scholar
Sanz Manrique, F. (1987) “El contexto internacional para un acuerdo colombo-venezolano.” Magazín Diplomático 7: 56–58.Google Scholar
Semana (Bogotá) (1987a) 25 agosto: 36-37.Google Scholar
Semana (Bogotá) (1987b) 25 agosto: 41.Google Scholar
(El) Siglo (Bogotá) (1987) 14, 16, 17, 22 agosto.Google Scholar
South (1988) “The Smuggling Boom.” No. 73 (June): 15-18.Google Scholar
(El) Tiempo (1988a) 22 julio: 10C.Google Scholar
(El) Tiempo (1988b) 14 julio: 1A.Google Scholar
(El) Tiempo (1988c) 29 junio: 9A, 8B.Google Scholar
(El) Tiempo (1988d) 23 junio: 1A, 6B.Google Scholar
(El) Tiempo (1988e) 22 junio: última A.Google Scholar
(El) Tiempo (1988f) 18 junio: 8A.Google Scholar
(El) Tiempo (1988g) 10 junio: 9B.Google Scholar
(El) Tiempo (1987a) 31 agosto: 1A.Google Scholar
(El) Tiempo (1987b) 31 agosto: 2A, 8A.Google Scholar
(El) Tiempo (1987c) 23 agosto: IB, 8A.Google Scholar
(El) Tiempo (1987d) 20 agosto: 1A.Google Scholar
(El) Tiempo (1987e) 12 mayo: 1A.Google Scholar
Tokatlian, J. (1982) Relaciones internacionales en la cuenca del caribe y la política de Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia: Cámara de Comercio.Google Scholar
Tugwell, F. (1979) “Venezuela and the Interamerican System,” pp. 256–269 in Farer, T. (ed.) The Future of the Interamerican System. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers.Google Scholar
(El) Universal (Caracas) (1986) 14 abril: 1.Google Scholar
Valencia-Villa, H. (1988) “Perspectivas jurídicas del diferendo colombo-venezolano.” Análisis Político 3 (enero-abril):113–115.Google Scholar
Van Klaveren, A. (1983) “El lugar de los Estados Unidos en la política exterior latinoamericana,” pp. 119–141 in Drekonja, G. and Tokatlián, J. (eds.) Teoria y práctica de la política exterior latinoamericana. Bogotá, Colombia: Cerec.Google Scholar
Varas, A. (1983) “Controlling Conflict in South America: National Approaches,” pp. 71–87 in Morris, M. and Millan, V. (eds.) Controlling Latin American Conflicts: Ten Approaches. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Vasquez-Carrizosa, A. (1988) Interview with author, 25 July.Google Scholar
Vasquez-Carrizosa, A. (1987) Colombiay Venezuela: una historia atormentada. Bogotá, Colombia: Tercer Mundo.Google Scholar
Vasquez-Carrizosa, A. (1976) El Nuevo Derecho del Mar. Bogotá, Colombia: Ed. Temis.Google Scholar
Venezuela, Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (1979) Alegato de Venezuela en su controversia sobre límites con Colombia. Caracas, Venezuela: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores.Google Scholar
Zalamea, A. (1987) Catalogo de errores: la crisis colombo-venezolano. Bogotá, Colombia: Ed. Oveja Negra.Google Scholar