¹ Most authors have incorrectly dated this pact as late 1931, e.g. Carone, Edgard, O tenentismo (Sāo Paulo, 1975), pp. 386–388.Google Scholar However O Jornal, 24 Feb. 1931, p. 3, cites it, saying, ‘nāo foi ainda dado ao esquecimento.’Google Scholar

² Rosa, Virgínio Santa, O sentido do tenentismo, 2nd ed. (Rio, 1963), p. 59;Google ScholarFlynn, Peter, ‘The Revolutionary Legion and the Brazilian Revolution of 1930’, Latin American Aflairs, (Oxford, St. Antony's Papers, No. 22, 1970), pp. 63–205.Google Scholar On Aranha's role, see Berson, Theodore Michael, A Political Biography of Dr. Oswaldo Aranha of Brazil, 1930–1937’ Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, New York University, 1971.Google Scholar

³ The roster in do Amaral Peixoto, Alzira, Getúlio Vargas, meu pai (Rio, 1960), pp. 391–414,Google Scholar was verified in the daily press to determine the number of tenentes in office. Cf. also Rosa, Santa, O sentido, pp. 60–1;Google ScholarYoung, Jordan M., The Brazilian Revolution of 1930 and the Aftermath (New Brunswick, 1967), pp. 82–3.Google Scholar

⁴ do Amaral Peixoto, Augusto, interviews, 7, 19 June and 10 July 1972;Google ScholarCoutinho, Lourival, O General Góes depōe … (Rio, 1955), pp. 156–7, 168;Google ScholarMalta, Octávio, Os tenentes na revoluçāo brasileira (Rio, 1969), p. 54. Amaral Peixoto, who took part in the 1924 dreadnought mutiny, was treasurer of the Club 3 de Outubro from its Creation until mid-1932, and also a member of the Club's program commission.Google Scholar

⁵ Peixoto, interview 19 March 1973, and MS memoirs.Google Scholar

⁶ Coutinho, Góes depōe, p. 150;Google ScholarPeixoto, interview, 19 July 1972.Google Scholar

⁷ Jornal do Brasil, 55 July 1931, p. 10; 22 July 1931, p. 5;Google ScholarSilva, Hélio, 1931, os tenentes no poder (Rio, 1966), pp. 117–201passim;Google ScholarCoutinho, Góes depōe, p. 169;Google ScholarFlynn, ‘Revolutionary Legion’, p. 93;Google ScholarFausto, Boris, A revoluçāo de 1930, historiografia e história (2nd ed., São Paulo, 1972), p. 72;Google ScholarCarone, Tenentismo, p. 202.Google Scholar

⁸ The regionalist resurgence has received special attention in Wirth, John D., ‘Tenentismo in the Brazilian Revolution of 1930’, HAHR, 44 (05 1964), 565–79;Google ScholarCarone, Tenentismo;Google ScholarSilva, Hélio, 1933, a Crise do tenentismo (Rio, 1968);Google Scholar and Flynn, ‘Revolutionary Legion’.Google Scholar

⁹ Pinto, Hercolino Sobral, interview, 6 July 1972.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Conniff, Michael L., ‘Rio de Janeiro During the Great Depression, 1928–1937: Social Reform and the Emergence of Populism in Brazil’, Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Stanford 1976, pp. 90–3.Google Scholar

¹¹ Peixoto, Getú1io Vargas, pp. 118–28, 208.Google Scholar

¹² Jornal do Brasil, 14 July 1931 p. 7; 23 July 1931, p. 9 Aug. 1932, p. 19 27 Aug. 1931, p. 9, and passim;Google ScholarCoutinho, Góes depoe, p. 159.Google Scholar

¹³ See n. 3 above. Cf. also T´vora, Juarez to Vargas, Getúlio, Aug. 1931,Google Scholar in Silva, 1937, pp. 205–6;Google Scholarde Alencar Araripe, Tristāo, Tasso Fragoso, um pouco tie história do nosso exército (Rio, 1960), p. 589;Google Scholar and Correio da Manhā, 8 April 1932, p. 2.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Távora, Juarez, Uma vida e muitas lutas, 2 (Rio, 1974), pp. 63–4;Google ScholarCoutinho, Góes depōe, pp. 177–81.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Góes to Leite de Castro, 18 Aug. 1931;Google ScholarFilho, José Faustino Silva to Klinger, Bertoldo, 29 Aug. and 14 Nov. 1931;Google ScholarJornal clipping, 4 Dec. 1931, ABK.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Aranha to Vargas, 13 Aug. 1931, AGV.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Jornal do Brasil, 28 Aug. 1931, p. 6;Google ScholarCorrcio da Manhā, 15 May 1932, pp. 7–2.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Peixoto, Getúlio Vargas, p. 79.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Club 3 de Outubro, ‘Esboço do programa revolucionário de reconstruçāo política e social do Brasil, in Assembléia Nacional Constituinte [ANC], Anais da … (Rio, 1933–1934), III, 187–245.Google Scholar

²⁰ Wirth, ‘Tenentismo’, pp. 165–6;Google ScholarBarbosa, Alexandre José, Sobrinho, Lima, Presença de Alberto Tôrres (Rio, 1968), pp. 316 ff. and Chap. 34;Google ScholarRosa, Santa, O sentido, p. 79.Google Scholar

²¹ Jornal do Brasil, 30 Jan. 1932, p. 7; 31 Jan. 1932, p. 6.Google Scholar

²² Club 3 de Outubro, ‘Esboço do programa’, p. 231.Google Scholar

²³ Ibid. p. 395.

²⁴ Ibid. pp. 205–8; Alexander, Robert J., ‘Brazilian “ Tenentismo ”’, HAHR, 36 (05 1956), 229.Google Scholar

²⁵ Club 3 de Outubro, ‘Esboço do programa’, pp. 210 ff.Google Scholar

²⁶ Ibid. pp. 219–30. On the Pioneers, see O'Neil, Charles F., ‘The Search for Order and Progress: Brazilian Mass Education, 1915–1935’ Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Texas, 1975.Google Scholar

²⁷ Rosa, Santa, O senüdo, p. 80 and passim.Google Scholar

²⁸ Jornal do Brasil, 13 Dec. 1930, p. 7; 1 April 1931, p. 6; 16 May 1931, p. 6; 19 May 1931, p. 10; decrees 20,329 of 27 Aug. 1931, and 20, 346 of 28 Aug. 1931;Google ScholarCarone, Tenentismo, pp. 278–9.Google Scholar

²⁹ Coutinho, Góes depōe, p. 163;Google ScholarVergara, Luiz, Fui secretário de Getúlio Vargas (Rio, 1960), p. 69.Google Scholar

³⁰ Wirth, ‘Tenentismo‘, 179;Google ScholarBarata, Agildo, Vida de um reuolucionário (Rio, 1963), p. 161.Google Scholar

³¹ de Santa Rosa, Virgínio, A desordem (Rio, 1932), p. 84.Google Scholar

³² Silva, 1931, pp. 277 ff.;Google Scholardos Deputados, Brasil Câmara, Anais da … 1935, 5, 331;Google ScholarJornal do Brasil, 19 Feb. 1932, p. 7;Google ScholarVargas to Maurício Cardoso, 7 March 1932, AGV, Vol. 5, no. 48.Google Scholar

³³ Câmara, , Anais 1935, 5, 332–334;Google Scholarde Medeiros, Borges to Aranha, 13 March 1932, AOA.Google Scholar A great deal of the correspondence regarding the cabinet crisis is reprinted in Silva, 1931, pp. 281,Google Scholar if., and in Silva, Hélio, 1932, a guerra paulista (Rio, 1967), passim.Google Scholar

³⁴ Correio de Manhā, 5 March 1932, p. 1.Google Scholar

³⁵ Ibid., 13 March 1932, p. 4; 19 March 1932, pp. 1, 4; 20 March 1932, p. 1; 23 March 1932, p. 1; 2 April 1932, p. 1.

³⁶ Ibid., 5 April 1932, p. 1; 26 April 1932, p. 1; 15 May 1932, p. 1.

³⁷ Ibid., 12 March 1932, p. 2; 16 March 1932, p. 1; 29 April 1932, p. 1; 30 April 1932, p. 1; 1 May 1932, p. 1; 3 May 1932, p. 1; 6 May 1932, p. 1; and passim.

³⁸ Peixoto, Getúlio Vargas, p. 90;Google ScholarKlinger, Bertoldo, Narrativas aotobiográficas (Rio, 1950), 5, 130;Google ScholarCorreio da Manhā, 31 May 1932, p. 1;Google ScholarCarone, Tenentismo, pp. 401–2.Google Scholar

³⁹ Diário de Notícias, 1 June 1932, p. 1.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Silva, 1932, pp. 63 ff.;Google ScholarCarone, Tenentismo, p. 189.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Correio da Manhā, 9 June 1932, pp. 1, 5; 10 June 1932, p. 1; 11 June 1932, pp. 1, 3; 15 June 1932, p. 1; 16 June 1932, p. 1; 17 June 1932, p. 1; 18 June 1932, pp. 1, 3, 6; 19 June 1932, p. 1;Google ScholarCarone, Tenentismo, pp. 383–5.Google Scholar

⁴² Correio da Manhā, 30 June 1932, p. 1; 6 July 1932, p. 6;Google ScholarSilva, 1932, pp. 276–7;Google ScholarTáora, , Uma vida, 2, pp. 64–5;Google ScholarPeixoto, interview, 7 June 1972. A short program approved by the convention is reprinted in ANC, Anais, 111, 185–6.Google ScholarCarone, Edgard, A segunda república (Sāo Paulo, 1973), pp. 261–3, reprints this declaration with the wrong date.Google Scholar

⁴³ Peixoto, Getúlio Vargas, p. 90;Google ScholarVergara, Fui secretário, pp. 79–81.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ da Fonseca, Fróes (secretary of the Club from late 1932 until 1935), interviews, 15 July and, Dec. 1972;Google ScholarPeixoto, interview, 7 June 1972.Google ScholarWhen interviewed, Fróes recognized few names of former Club members. Rodolfo Ataliba served as liaison between the Correio da Manhā and the new Club. An example of the antipolitical militancy of the new Club is its manifesto of 21 April 1933, in Manifesto, estatatos, prograinma do Club 3 de Outubro (Rio, 1933), pp. 3–9. In late 1932 and 1933 several attempts were made to form a national tenente-led party. The best known was the Revolutionary Congress held between 15 and 21 Nov. 1932. Pedro Ernesto presided over the opening session but left the remainder of the congress to Juarez Távora. The diverse groups present included the proto-fascist Açāo Integralista Brasileira; several socialist parties in Rio; and the new Club 3 de Outubro. The socialists managed to dominate the proceedings, much to the embarrassment of T´vora, whose own sympathies were Christian democratic.Google ScholarTávora, , Uma Vida, 2, 65–67,Google Scholar and interview, 18 June 1972; O Globo, 16 Nov. 1932, p. 2; 21 Nov. 1932, p. 1; 22 Nov. 1932, p. 5;Google ScholarCarone, Segunda república, pp. 261–3, reprints the Congress program, while Carone, Tenentismo, pp. 408–13, deals with the Partido Socialista Brasileiro which was founded by the Congress. In Feb. 1932 the Minister of Justice suggested the creation of an Uniāo Civica to supplant the Club. Antunes Maciel to Vargas, 4 April 1934, AAM.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Club 3 de Outubro, Manifesto, passim.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Jornal do Commercio, 19 Feb. 1933, p. 8; 22 Feb. 1933, p. 4;Google ScholarJornal do Brasil, 30 Dec. 1933, p. 7; 6 April 1934, p. 7;Google Scholarde Oliveira Castro, Américo Mendes, Tenentismo e fascismo (Rio, 1932). Cordeiro de Farias was under police surveillance: report, 14 May 1934, AAM.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Maciel, Antunes to da Cunha, Flores, 16 May 1934, AAM;Google ScholarConniff, ‘Rio de Janeiro’, pp. 218–19.Google Scholar Cf. also Carone, Edgard, A república nova (Sāo Paulo, 1974), pp. 325–4,Google Scholar and Silva, Hélio, 1934, a constitunite (Rio, 1969), pp. 485 ff.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Carone, Tenentismo, pp. 429–30;Google ScholarSilva, Héllo, 1935, a revolta vermelha (Rio, 1969), pp. 195–7;Google ScholarFróes, interview, 12 Dec. 1972.Google Scholar On Prestes’ movement see Levine, Robert M., The Vargas Regime (New York, 1970), Chap. 3.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Peixoto, interview, 7 June 1972; Jornal do Brasil, 24 Feb. 1932, p. 7. By the same token, when the second Club's program was presented to him, Vargas suggested that its authors abandon the group and join Pedro Ernesto's political movement in the capital: Fróes da Fonseca, interview, 15 Aug. 1972. Vargas obviously did not adopt the tenente program indiscriminately; he applied it selectively so that it would enhance his power and prestige. For example, he never instituted land reform; he used the Ministry of Labor to co-opt the labor movement; and he avoided even indirect elections for as long as possible.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Macid, Antunes to interventors, 28 May 1934, AAM; Távora, Uma vida, 11, Chap. 9;Google ScholarCarone, Segunda república, pp. 91–9.Google ScholarAlexander, Robert J., ‘The Brazilian Tenentes After the Revolution of 1930’, Journal of Inter-American Studies, 15 (05 1973), 225–48, traces the careers of many tenentes up to the present.Google Scholar

⁵¹ de Melo Franco, Afonso Arinos, Urn estadista da república, Vol. 3: Fase internacional (Rio, 1955), Chap. 32;Google Scholarde Azevedo, José Affonso Mendonça, Elaborando a constituiçāo nacional (Belo Horizonte, 1933).Google Scholar

⁵² Jornal do Brasil, 4 Jan. 1934, p. 7; 6 Jan. 1934, p. 6; and ANC, Anais, passim.Google Scholar

⁵³ The original thesis appeared in Rosa, Santa, O sentido, pp. 53 and passim. Cf. Wirth, ‘Tenentismo’ 164–6;Google ScholarFausto, Reuoluçāo de 1930, pp. 73–81; Conniff, ‘Rio de Janeiro’, Chaps. 3–4;Google ScholarFilho, Paulo Nogueira, Ideais e lutas de um burguês progressista (2nd ed., Rio, 1965);Google ScholarSaes, Décio, Classe rnédia e politica na primeira república brasileira (Petrópolis, 1975), pp. 99 ff.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Rosa, Santa, O sentido, pp. 53, 60–1, 102, refers to the tenentes as petit bourgeois, which Wirth translates as lower middle class. Yet the distinction remains difficult to conceptualize. My own definition of lower middle class specifies membership in voluntary associations yet employment in manual or clerical work.Google ScholarCf. Conniff, Michael L., ‘Voluntary Associations in Rio de Janeiro, 1870–1945: A New Approach to Urban Social Dynamics’ Journal of Inter-American Studies, 17 (01 1975), 64–81;Google Scholar and de Carvalho, Maria Célia Freire, ‘O Club 3 de Outubro’ M.A. thesis, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, 1975 pp. 3 ff.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Conniff, ‘Rio de Janeiro’, pp. 143–6;Google ScholarMacid, Antunes to Vargas, 4 April 1933, AAM.Google Scholar Cf. also Vianna, Luiz Werneck, Liberalismo e sindicato no Brasil (Rio, 1976).Google Scholar

⁵⁶ See n. 44. On the social composition of the NSDAP see Schoenbaum, David, Hitler's social Revolution: Class and Status in Nazi Germany, 1933–1939 (New York, 1967),Google Scholar and Gerth, Hans, ‘The Nazi Party: Its Leadership and Composition’, American Journal of Sociology, 45 (01. 1940), 517–41.Google Scholar Cf. also Moore, Barrington Jr, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Boston, 1966), pp. 434–52.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Macid, Antunes to da Cunha, Flores, 2 June 1934, AAM.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Rosa, Santa, O sentido, pp. 68, 99, 112. Vargas was jokingly called chuchu after a tasteless, mushy vegetable: Malta, Os tenentes, p. 55.Google Scholar