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Cause Lawyering in Revolutionary Ukraine

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 October 2022

Sophia Wilson
Sophia Wilson*
Affiliation:
Southern Illinois University Edwardsville
*
Contact the author at sowilso@siue.edu.
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Abstract

While cause lawyering has attracted abundant scholarly attention, the factors contributing to such movements in nondemocratic environments remain understudied. This article evaluates existing explanations of strategic litigation and finds that emphases on legal opportunity structure and resource mobilization overlook cases where litigation is used to expose and challenge existing constraints. This inductive study of revolutionary Ukraine shows that litigation is pursued despite unfavorable legal opportunity structure and may be triggered by state repression, rather than constrained by it. I argue that a democratic revolutionary movement in the country offered the necessary social resources for cause lawyers to succeed.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Law and Courts , Volume 5 , Issue 2 , Fall 2017 , pp. 267 - 288
Copyright
© 2017 by the Law and Courts Organized Section of the American Political Science Association. All rights reserved.

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Footnotes

The author wishes to thank Jordan Saner and Aliyah Price for research assistance, as well as Jamie Mayerfeld, Jayanth Krishnan, Kathryn Hendley, Linda Markowitz, William Wilson, the editor and anonymous reviewers for their invaluable comments on earlier drafts of this article. Research for this article was supported in part by the following grants: the University of Alberta Ukrainian Studies grant and Shklar/USF postdoctoral fellowship at Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute.

References

References

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References

Andersen, Ellen A. 2005. Out of the Closets and into the Courts: Legal Opportunity Structure and Gay Rights Litigation. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Barclay, Scott, and Anna-Maria Marshall. 2005. “Supporting a Cause, Developing a Movement, and Consolidating a Practice: Cause Lawyers and Orientation Litigation in Vermont.” In The Worlds Cause Lawyers Make, ed. Austin Sarat, 171–202. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barzilai, Gad. 2007. “The Ambivalent Language of Lawyers: Between Liberal Politics, Economic Liberalism, Silence, and Dissent.” In Fighting for Political Freedom: Comparative Studies of the Legal Complex and Political Liberalism, ed. Terence Halliday, Lucien Karpik, and Malcolm M. Feeley, 247–77. Oxford: Hart.Google Scholar
Beach, Derek, and Rasmus Brun Pedersen. 2013. Process-Tracing Methods: Foundations and Guidelines. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, Andrew. 2015. “Appendix: Disciplining Our Conjectures Systematizing Process Tracing with Bayesian Analysis.” In Process Tracing: From Metaphor to Analytic Tool, ed. Andrew Bennett and Jeffrey T. Checkel, 276–98. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bennett, Andrew, and Jeffrey T. Checkel, eds. 2015. “Process Tracing: From Philosophical Roots to Best Practices.” In Process Tracing: From Metaphor to Analytic Tool. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bugai et al. December 12, 2013. Open Letter Addressed to the Ukrainian Parliament, Judicial Council and the Constitutional Court, Signed by thirty-two attorneys and legal scholars (Vidkryte Zvernenya Advokativ, Yurystiv, Pravozahisnykiv Ukrayiny).Google Scholar
Butler, Judith. 1989. “Deconstruction and the Possibility of Justice: Comments on Bernasconi, Cornell, Miller, Weber.” Cardozo Law Review 11:1715.Google Scholar
Cichowski, Rachel A. 2007. The European Court and Civil Society: Litigation, Mobilization and Governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cichowski, Rachel, and Alec Stone Sweet. 2003. “Participation, Representative Democracy, and the Courts.” In Democracy Transformed? Expanding Political Opportunities in Advanced Industrial Democracies, ed. Bruce E. Cain, Russell J. Dalton, and Susan E. Scarrow, 192–220. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Dyachuk, Kateryna, et al. 2014. Khronika Svobody Slova [Press freedom chronicles]. Kyiv: National Endowment for Democracy.Google Scholar
Elveris, Idil. 2015. “Cause Lawyering in a ‘Crisis’? Volunteer Attorneys at Gezi Events in Turkey.” Paper presented at the Law and Society Association meeting, Seattle, May 29.Google Scholar
Epp, Charles. 1998. The Rights Revolution: Lawyers, Activists, and Supreme Courts in Comparative Perspective. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleury-Steiner, Benjamin. 2006. “‘Different Approaches Need to Be Taken in Different Settings’–Situating Activist Prison Lawyering: The Struggle for HIV-Positive Prisoner’s Rights.” Studies in Law, Politics, and Society 38:3–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Gobe, E., and L. Salaymeh. 2016. “Tunisia’s ‘Revolutionary’ Lawyers: From Professional Autonomy to Political Mobilization.” Law and Social Inquiry 41 (2): 311–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goffman, Erving. 1974. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hajjar, Lisa. 1997. “Cause Lawyering in Transnational Perspective: National Conflict and Human Rights in Israel/Palestine.” Law and Society Review 31 (3): 473–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halliday, Terence, Lucien Karpik, and Malcolm M. Feeley, eds. 2007. “The Legal Complex and Struggles for Political Liberalism.” In Fighting for Political Freedom: Comparative Studies of the Legal Complex and Political Liberalism, ed. Terence Halliday, Lucien Karpik, and Malcolm M. Feeley, 1–42. Oxford: Hart.Google Scholar
Halliday, Terence, and Sida Liu. 2007. “Birth of a Liberal Moment? Looking through a One-Way Mirror at Lawyers.” In Fighting for Political Freedom: Comparative Studies of the Legal Complex and Political Liberalism, ed. Terence Halliday, Lucien Karpik, and Malcolm M. Feeley, 65–108. Oxford: Hart.Google Scholar
Hilbink, Thomas. 2006. “The Profession, the Grassroots, and the Elite: Cause Lawyering for Civil Rights and Freedom in the Direct Action Era.” In Cause Lawyers and Social Movements, ed. Austin Sarat and Stuart Scheingold, 60–83. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilson, Chris. 2002. “New Social Movements: The Role of Legal Opportunity.” Journal of European Public Policy 9 (2): 238–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holland, Laurel L., and Sherry Cable. 2002. “Reconceptualizing Social Movement Abeyance: The Role of Internal Processes and Culture in Cycles of Movement Abeyance and Resurgence.” Sociological Focus 35 (3): 297–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Israël, Liora. 2005. “From Cause Lawyering to Resistance French Communist Lawyers.” In The Worlds Cause Lawyers Make: Structure and Agency in Legal Practice, ed. Austin Sarat and Stuart A. Scheingold, 147–67. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, Alan. 2015. “Process Tracing the Effects of Ideas.” In Process Tracing: From Metaphor to Analytic Tool, ed. Andrew Bennett and Jeffrey T. Checkel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, Chalmers. 1966. Revolutionary Change, Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Jones, Lynn. 2006. “The Haves Come Out Ahead: How Cause Lawyers Frame the Legal System for Movements.” In Cause Lawyers and Social Movements, ed. Austin Sarat and Stuart Scheingold, 182–96. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinoy, Arthur. 1993. Rights on Trial: The Odyssey of a People’s Lawyer. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert P. 1986. “Political Opportunity Structures and Political Protest: Antinuclear Movements in Four Democracies.” British Journal of Political Science 16 (1): 57–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koopmans, Ruud. 1996. “New Social Movements and Changes in Political Participation in Western Europe.” West European Politics 19 (1): 28–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kriesi, Hanspeter. 1995. “The Political Opportunity Structure of New Social Movements: Its Impact on Their Mobilization.” In The Politics of Social Protest: Comparative Perspectives on States and Social Movements, ed. J. Craig Jenkins, 167–98. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Krishnan, Jayanth. 2006. “Lawyering for a Cause and Experiences from Abroad.” California Law Review 94:574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Fund and Razumkov Center. November 15, 2014. Maidan-December and Maidan-February: What Has Changed? Democratic Initiatives Fund, http://dif.org.ua/article/vid-maydanu-taboru-do-maydanu-sichi-shcho-zminilosya.Google Scholar
Levitsky, Sandra R. 2006. “To Lead with Law: Reassessing the Influence of Legal Advocacy Organizations in Social Movements.” In Cause Lawyers and Social Movements, ed. Austin Sarat and Stuart Scheingold, 145–93. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lofland, John, and Michael Jamison. 1984. “Social Movement Locals: Modal Member Structures.” Sociology of Religion 45 (2): 115–29.Google Scholar
Marshall, Anna. 2006. “Social Movement Strategies and the Participatory Potential of Litigation.” In Cause Lawyers and Social Movements, ed. Austin Sarat and Stuart Scheingold, 164–81. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maselko, Roman. 2015. “There Is Evidence of Extra-legal Directions Given to Judges during Maidan: Is There Going to Be More Evidence?” Press conference, Press Center of Informational Agency Liga Business Inform. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaM4_ltU-uY.Google Scholar
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McCarthy, John D., and Mayer N. Zald. 1977. “Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory.” American Journal of Sociology 82 (6): 1212–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLaughlin, Paul, and Khawaja Marwan. 2000. “The Organizational Dynamics of the US Environmental Movement: Legitimation, Resource Mobilization, and Political Opportunity.” Rural Sociology 65 (3): 422–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menkel-Meadow, Carrie. 1998. “The Causes of Cause Lawyering: Toward an Understanding of the Motivation and Commitment of Social Justice Lawyers.” In Cause Lawyering: Political Commitments and Professional Responsibilities, ed. Austin Sarat and Stuart Scheingold, 31–68. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Morag-Levine, Noga. 2001. “The Politics of Imported Rights.” In Cause Lawyering and the State in a Global Era, ed. Austin Sarat and Stuart Scheingold, 334–53. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 334–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morag-Levine, Noga. 2006. “Judges, Legislators, and Europe’s Law: Common-Law Constitutionalism and Foreign Precedents.” Maryland Law Review 65 (32): 38.Google Scholar
Navrotskyi, Viacheslav. 2015. “Fair, Independent and Responsible Judiciary of Ukraine: Analysis of Jail Practices during the Events of the ‘Revolution of Dignity’” [Spravedlyva, Nezalezhna ta Vidpovidalna Sudova Vlada Ukrayiny: Analiz Praktyky Zastosuvannia Trymannia pid Vartoju pid Chas Podii ‘Revolutsii Hidnosti’]. UsAid Project “Fair Judiciary.” Contract no. AID-1420-17 (2007).Google Scholar
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Olson, Susan Marie. 1984. Clients and Lawyers: Securing the Rights of Disabled Persons. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood.Google Scholar
Pereira, Antony W. 2005. Political (In)Justice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perry, Lewis. 2013. Civil Disobedience: An American Tradition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Piven, Frances Fox, and Richard A. Cloward. 1979. Poor People’s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail. Visalia, CA: Vintage Press.Google Scholar
Popova, Maria. 2013. “Authoritarian Learning and the Politicization of Justice: The Tymoshenko Case in Context.” Social Science Research Network, June. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2274168.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, Noelie Maria. 1988. “A Successful Feminist Shelter: A Case Study of the Family Crisis Shelter in Hawaii.” Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 24 (3): 235–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarat, Austin, and W. L. Felstiner. 1988. “Law and Social Relations: Vocabularies of Motive in Lawyer/Client Interaction.” Law and Society Review 22 (4): 737–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarat, Austin, and Scheingold, Stuart. 1998. “Cause Lawyering and the Reproduction of Professional Authority.” In Cause Lawyering: Political Commitments and Professional Responsibilities, ed. Austin Sarat and Stuart Scheingold, 3–30. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sarat, Austin, and Scheingold, Stuart, eds. 2006. Cause Lawyers and Social Movements. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sergatskova, Ekaterina. 2014. “Lawyers-activists. Evgenia Zakrevskaya: Ponomarev skazal mne, chto ia zhivy v parallelnoi realnosti.” [Advokaty-Aktivisty. Eugenia Zakrevskaya: Ponomarev told me that I live in a parallel reality.] Ukrainska Pravda, October 29.Google Scholar
Shdaimah, Corey. 2006. “Interesting Identities: Cause Lawyers as Professional and Social Movement Actors.” In Cause Lawyering and Social Movements, ed. Austin Sarat and Stuart Scheingold, 220–48. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Cases Cited

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