Banz, B.C., Fell, J.C. and Vaca, F.E., “Complexities of Young Driver Injury and Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes,” Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 92 no. 4 (2019): 725–731.Google ScholarPubMed

Simons-Morton, B.G. et al., “Trajectories of Kinematic Risky Driving Among Novice Teenagers,” Accident Analysis and Prevention 51 (2013): 27–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

S.P. Baker, L.H. Chen and G. Li, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Evaluation of Graduated Driver Licensing Programs, DOT HS 810 614 (June 1, 2006); Shope, J. T., “Graduated Driver Licensing: Review of Evaluation Results Since 2002,” Journal of Safety Research 38 no. 2 (2007): 165–75; A. T. McCartt and E. R. Teoh, “Tracking Progress in Teenage Driver Crash Risk in the United States Since the Advent of Graduated Driver Licensing Programs,” Journal of Safety Research 53 (2015): 1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Voas, R. and Kelley-Baker, T., “Licensing Teenagers: Nontraffic Risks and Benefits in the Transition to Driving Status,” Traffic Injury Prevention 9 no. 2 (2008): 89–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Young Drivers Traffic Safety Facts 2021 Data, DOT HS 813 492 (August 2023).Google Scholar

National Center for Statistics and Analysis, 2008 Young Drivers Traffic Safety Fact Sheet, DOT HS 811 169 (2009).Google Scholar

Vaca, F.E. et al., “Time to Licensure for Driving Among U.S. Teens: Survival Analysis of Interval-censored Survey Data,” Traffic Injury Prevention 22 no. 6 (2021): 431–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Id. Google Scholar

Gao, X. et al., “Is Delayed Driving Licensure Associated With Emerging Adult Health, Education, and Employment?” Journal of Adolescent Health 70 no. 5 (2022): 751–756.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Vaca, F. E. et al., “Factors Contributing to Delay in Driving Licensure Among U.S. High School Students and Young Adults,” Journal of Adolescent Health 68 no. 1 (2021): 191–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

See Gao, supra note 9.Google Scholar

See Vaca, supra note 10; X. Dong et al., J “Financial status and travel time to driving schools as barriers to obtaining a young driver license in a state with comprehensive young driver licensing policy,” Accident; Analysis and Prevention 191 (2023): 107198; Collins, J.L., Thomas, L.J. and Vugrin, M., “Life is a highway: Driver’s license acquisition and social determinants for youth in foster care and their non-foster care peers,” Nursing Forum 56 no. 1 (2021): 95–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Tefft, B., Williams, A. F., and Grabowski, J. G., AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, Timing of Driver’s License Acquisition and Reasons for Delay Among Young People in the United States, 2012 (August 2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Severen, C., Why are young people driving less? Evidence points to economics, not preferences (March 24, 2023), Brookings Metro, available at <https://www.brookings.edu/articles/why-are-young-people-driving-less-evidence-points-to-economics-not-preferences/> (last visited March 3, 2024).+(last+visited+March+3,+2024).>Google Scholar

See McCartt et al., supra note 3.Google Scholar

Argys, L. M., Mroz, T. A., and Pitts, M. M., Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Driven from Work: Graduated Driver License Programs and Teen Labor Market Outcomes, Working Paper 2019-16 (July 2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bostwick, V. and Severen, C., IZA Institute of Labor Economics, Driving, Dropouts, and Drive-Throughs: Mobility Restrictions and Teen Human Capital, IZA DP No. 16183 (May 2023).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Id. Google Scholar

See Severen, supra note 14.Google Scholar

Crone, E. A. and Dahl, R. E., “Understanding adolescence as a period of social-affective engagement and goal flexibility,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13 (2012): 636–50; C. C. Ruff and E. Fehr, “The neurobiology of rewards and values in social decision making,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 15 (2014): 549–62; B.J. Casey, S. Getz and A. Galvan, “The adolescent brain,” Developmental Review 28 no. 1 (2008): 62–77; M. Ernst et al., “fMRI functional connectivity applied to adolescent neurodevelopment,” Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 11 (2015): 361–77; E.P. Shulman et al., “The dual systems model: Review, reappraisal, and reaffirmation,” Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 17 no. 2 (2016): 103–17; J.M. Chein et al., “Peers increase adolescent risk taking by enhancing activity in the brain’s reward circuitry,” Developmental Science 14 (2011): F1–F10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ellis, B.J. et al., “The Meaningful Roles Intervention: An Evolutionary Approach to Reducing Bullying and Increasing Prosocial Behavior,” Journal of Research on Adolescence 26 no. 4 (2016): 622–637; D.S. Yeager, R.E. Dahl and C.S. Dweck, “Why Interventions to Influence Adolescent Behavior Often Fail but Could Succeed,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 13 no. 1 (2018): 101–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed