Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-rkxrd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-23T07:10:29.374Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Kings to Cowards: One-Punch Assaults

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2021

Abstract

Methodology: Literature Review and medico-legal commentary. Results: Fatal one-punch assaults have been reported extensively in the media. This article provides a commentary on recent policy developments and legislative amendments in Australia regarding so called ‘one-punch’ assaults. Comparisons are made with the situation in other jurisdictions including the UK, US, and Europe. The clinical forensic medical aspect of fist strikes to the head and face is examined in the context of the recent media attention and public interest these cases have attracted. The increased recognition of the risk of harm and death inherent in these types of assaultive behavior is reflected in the policy and legislative changes that have taken place in some jurisdictions. Conclusion: One punch strikes may result in a range of injuries that can include permanent neurological impairment and death. Recent media and community concern regarding these cases and the need for stronger deterrence has resulted in a change in public policy and consequent legislative amendments.

Type
Independent Articles
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Dictionary.com, s.v. “king-hit,” available at <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/king-hit> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
Pilgrim, J. L., Gerostamoulos, D., and Drummer, O. H., “‘King Hit’ Fatalities in Australia, 2000–2012: The Role of Alcohol and Other Drugs,” Drug and Alcohol Dependence 135 (2014): 119-132.Google Scholar
Dosil, J., The Sport Psychologist's Handbook: A Guide for Sport-Specific Performance Enhancement (Chicester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2006): at 354.Google Scholar
Constantinidis, S. E., Text & Presentation 2006: The Comparative Drama Conference Series (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2006): at 114; Stern, C., “1940s: John Wayne's Punch,” Retronaut, August 17, 2012, available at <http://www.retronaut.com/2012/08/john-waynes-punch-1940s/> (last visited March 21, 2016); Martinez, J. D., Combat Mime: A Non-violent Approach to Stage Violence (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc., 1982).Google Scholar
Thoman, E., “What Parents Can Do about Media Violence,” Center for Media Literacy, available at <http://www.medialit.org/reading-room/what-parents-can-do-about-media-violence> (last visited March 21, 2016); M. Swanepoel, “The 3 Important Stages of Street Violence,” USA-Dojo, available at <http://www.usadojo.com/articles/morne-swanepoel/1-stages-street-violence.htm> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016);+M.+Swanepoel,+“The+3+Important+Stages+of+Street+Violence,”+USA-Dojo,+available+at++(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
R v Loveridge [2013] NSWSC 1638 (November 8, 2013), available at <http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/nsw/NSWSC/2013/1638.html> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
R v Loveridge [2014] NSWCCA 120 (July 4, 2014), available at <http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/nsw/NSWCCA/2014/120.html> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
R v Loveridge [2014] NSWCCA 120 (July 4, 2014): item 7.Google Scholar
R v Loveridge [2013] NSWSC 1638 (November 8, 2013): items 1,12,19,21,59,62; R v Loveridge [2014] NSWCCA 120 (4 July 2014): items 39,58,86,146,163,166Google Scholar
R v Loveridge [2013] NSWSC 1638 (November 8, 2013): items 12,20; R v Loveridge [2014] NSWCCA 120 (July 4, 2014): item 17.Google Scholar
R v Loveridge [2013] NSWSC 1638 (November 8, 2013): items 2,19,20,62; R v Loveridge [2014] NSWCCA 120 (July 4, 2014): items 39,86.Google Scholar
Buchanan, M., “Smash, Grapple and Choke: The Unstoppable Force of MMA,” The Sydney Morning Herald: Sport, January 3, 2014, available at <http://www.smh.com.au/sport/boxing/smash-grapple-and-choke-the-unstoppable-force-of-mma-20140103-30962.html> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
R v Loveridge [2014] NSWCCA 120 (July 4, 2014): items 78,82.Google Scholar
R v Loveridge [2014] NSWCCA 120 (July 4, 2014).Google Scholar
R v Loveridge [2014] NSWCCA 120 (July 4, 2014): item 207.Google Scholar
See Buchanan supra note 12; Nedim, U., “New One-Punch Law in Force in NSW,” Sydney Criminal Lawyers, available at <http://www.criminallaw.com.au/blog/criminal/assault-charges/new-one-punch-law-in-force-in-nsw/22661> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
Dale, A., “Police Charge Builder Who Allegedly Coward-Punched Daniel Christie with Murder,” The Daily Telegraph, January 12, 2014, available at <http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/police-charge-builder-who-allegedly-cowardpunched-daniel-christie-with-murder/story-fni0cx4q-1226800203227?nk=a4e5e3bfb0c7807f74be8274d14c604e> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
See Pilgrim and Gerostamoulos supra note 2.Google Scholar
Winter, A., “Attorney General to Review Manslaughter Sentence of One-Punch Killer Lewis Gill,” Daily Echo, February 27, 2014, available at <http://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/news/11036922.Attorney_General_to_review_manslaughter_sentence_of_one_punch_killer_Lewis_Gill/> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
Attorney General`s Reference: No 16 of 2014 under S.36 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988, Case No: 201401329 A7, R v Gill (Lewis Anthony): Court of Appeal Criminal Division, Lord Justice Treacy, [2014] EWCA Crim 956; full transcript; Royal Courts of Justice, Strand, London, WC2A 2LL; Wednesday, 7th May 2014: item 22.Google Scholar
Attorney General's Reference: No 16 of 2014 under S.36 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988, Case No: 201401329 A7, R v Gill (Lewis Anthony): Court of Appeal Criminal Division, Lord Justice Treacy, [2014] EWCA Crim 956; full transcript; Royal Courts of Justice, Strand, London, WC2A 2LL; Wednesday, 7th May 2014: items 17,22,32.Google Scholar
Attorney General`s Reference: No 16 of 2014 under S.36 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988, Case No: 201401329 A7, R v Gill (Lewis Anthony): Court of Appeal Criminal Division, Lord Justice Treacy, [2014] EWCA Crim 956; full transcript; Royal Courts of Justice, Strand, London, WC2A 2LL; Wednesday, 7th May 2014: item 9.Google Scholar
Aviram, B., Krav Maga: Use Your Body as a Weapon (New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2014): at 26-28 and 323-325.Google Scholar
The People, Plaintiff and Respondent, versus Raymond Aguilar et al., Defendants and Appellants, 1997, available at <http://law.justia.com/cases/california/cal4th/16/1023.html> (last visited March 21, 2016); People v. Ross, 831 P.2d 1310 (1992): The People of the State of Colorado, Petitioner, versus Howard Ross, Respondent, No. 91SC432, Supreme Court of Colorado, June 29, 1992, available at <http://law.justia.com/cases/colorado/supreme-court/1992/91sc432-0.html> (last visited March 21, 2016); People v. Pennese, 830 P.2d 1085 (1991): The People of the State of Colorado, Plaintiff-Appellee, versus Charles F. Pennese, Defendant-Appellant, No. 89CA1788, available at <http://law.justia.com/cases/colorado/court-of-appeals/1991/89ca1788-0.html> (last visited March 21, 2016)+(last+visited+March+21,+2016);+People+v.+Ross,+831+P.2d+1310+(1992):+The+People+of+the+State+of+Colorado,+Petitioner,+versus+Howard+Ross,+Respondent,+No.+91SC432,+Supreme+Court+of+Colorado,+June+29,+1992,+available+at++(last+visited+March+21,+2016);+People+v.+Pennese,+830+P.2d+1085+(1991):+The+People+of+the+State+of+Colorado,+Plaintiff-Appellee,+versus+Charles+F.+Pennese,+Defendant-Appellant,+No.+89CA1788,+available+at++(last+visited+March+21,+2016)>Google Scholar
California Clean Record, “What Is a ‘Deadly Weapon’ Under California Law? Criminal Defense,” Real Life, April 9, 2012, available at <http://www.californiacleanrecord.com/what-is-a-deadly-weapon-under-california-law/> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
Gardner, T. J. and Anderson, T. M., Criminal Evidence Principles and Cases, 8th ed. (Belmont, California: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2013): at 80.Google Scholar
See Pilgrim and Gerostamoulos supra note 2; Attorney General's Reference: No 16 of 2014 under S.36 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988, Case No: 201401329 A7, R v Gill (Lewis Anthony): Court of Appeal Criminal Division, Lord Justice Treacy, [2014] EWCA Crim 956; full transcript; Royal Courts of Justice, Strand, London, WC2A 2LL; Wednesday, 7th May 2014: items 9,22.Google Scholar
R v Loveridge [2013] NSWSC 1638 (8 November 2013): item 74Google Scholar
R v Castle [2012] NSWSC 1603; Donaczy v R [2010] NSWCCA 143; R v Bashford [2007] NSWSC 1380; R v Smith [2008] NSWSC 201; R v Greenhalgh [2001] NSWCCA 437; R v Risteski [1999] NSWSC 1248.Google Scholar
Supreme Court New South Wales, R v Castle [2012] NSWSC 1603, full transcript: item 17.Google Scholar
Doing Lawyer Things, “One Punch in the Night, An Excursus on the Decision in R v Loveridge [2013] NSWSC 1638, 24 Nov 2013,” available at <http://reasonableminds.tumblr.com/> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
Noctor, J. T., Coward Punch Corruption: The Hobo Chronicles Book 3 (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014): at 5; Furler, M. and Hill, J., “Magistrate Sparks Outrage with Coward's Punch Jibe,” The Chronicle, March 20, 2014, available at <http://www.thechronicle.com.au/news/magistrate-sparks-outrage-cowards-punch-comment/2204523/> (last visited March 21, 2016); Sentencing Amendment (Coward's Punch Manslaughter and Other Matters) Act 2014 (Victoria, Australia); Sentencing Amendment (Coward's Punch Manslaughter and Other Matters) Act 2014 (Victoria, Australia); Novak, L., “New Coward-Punch Laws Provide Eight-Year Minimum Jail Term,” The Advertiser, August 4, 2014, available at <http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/new-cowardpunch-laws-provide-eightyear-minimum-jail-term/story-fni6uo1m1227013456195?nk=285bb4156dce24474b47a059eea5a571> (last visited March 21, 2016); Pandaram, J., “Being Victim of Coward's Punch Triggered Positive Changes for Wallaby Nic White,” The Sunday Telegraph, August 9, 2014; Darby, P., “Research Note on Sentencing Amendment (Cowards Punch Manslaughter and Other Matters) Bill 2014,” Parliamentary Library & Information Service, Department of Parliamentary Services, Parliament of Victoria, September 2014, No. 3: pages 1-4.Google Scholar
Green, D., “One Punch Can Ruin Lives,” NSW Government, available at <http://www.nsw.gov.au/onepunch> (last visited March 21, 2016).Google Scholar
See Pilgrim and Gerostamoulos supra note 2.Google Scholar
Fatal one punch assault cases published in the Daily Mail: Case of Jonathan Harper: Brooke, C., “Gentle Giant Killed by One Punch from Youth for Refusing to Hand over a Cigarette,” Daily Mail, May 19, 2009, available at <http://www.daily-mail.co.uk/news/article-1184167/Gentle-giant-killed-punch-youth-refusing-hand-cigarette.html> (last visited March 21, 2016). (last visited March 21, 2016). Case of Matthew Welford: C. Brooke, “Killed by a Single Punch: Caught on Film, Moment Love Tangle Ended in Tragedy in a Country Club Car Park,” Daily Mail, December 18, 2013, available at (last visited March 21, 2016). Case of 51-year old male: L. Garratt, “Knocked Unconscious with a Single Punch: Horrific Footage of Man, 51, Being Beaten by Robbers as He Makes His Way Home from a Party,” Daily Mail, January 20, 2014, available at (last visited March 21, 2016). Case of David Hutchinson: W. Turvill, “‘Look What I've Done, It's My First Knockout’: Baby-Faced Teenager, 16, Bragged to Friends after Killing Grandfather with a Single Punch,” Daily Mail, February 22, 2014, available at (last visited March 21, 2016). Case of Andrew Young: L. Salkeld, T. Kelly, and H. Gye, “Legal Bid to Overturn Joke’ Four-Year Sentence Handed to Thug Who Killed Vulnerable Man with Just One Punch,” Daily Mail, February 27, 2014, available at (last visited March 21, 2016). Case of Daniel Brown: K. Corcoran, “Brave Man Who Lost Part of His Skull and Almost Died When He Was Punched in an Unprovoked Assault Now Amazingly Forgives His Attacker and Says: ‘I feel lucky’,” Daily Mail, April 2, 2014, available at (last visited March 21, 2016). Case of Reece Roberts: K. Corcoran, “Thug Who Left College Student in a Wheelchair with Half His Head Missing by Flooring Him with a Single Punch for Being ‘Mouthy’ Is Jailed for Less Than Two Years,” Daily Mail, May 1, 2014, available at (last visited March 21, 2016).' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Fatal+one+punch+assault+cases+published+in+the+Daily+Mail:+Case+of+Jonathan+Harper:+Brooke,+C.,+“Gentle+Giant+Killed+by+One+Punch+from+Youth+for+Refusing+to+Hand+over+a+Cigarette,”+Daily+Mail,+May+19,+2009,+available+at++(last+visited+March+21,+2016).+Case+of+Michael+Dye:+K.+Silver,+“England+Football+Fan+Who+Taunted+Welshman+before+Killing+Him+with+One+Punch+Outside+Wembley+Stadium+Jailed,”+Daily+Mail,+December+22,+2011,+available+at++(last+visited+March+21,+2016).+Case+of+Kevin+Harrison:+L.+Brennan,+“Drunken+Yob+Who+Killed+Father+with+a+Single+Punch+While+He+Was+on+the+Phone+with+Wife+Is+Jailed+for+Five+Years,”+Daily+Mail,+April+4,+2012,+available+at++(last+visited+March+21,+2016).+Case+of+Chris+Findley:+M.+Duell,+“Teenager+Admits+Killing+Off-Duty+Police+Officer+Outside+Nightclub+with+Single+Punch,”+Daily+Mail,+July+3,+2013,+available+at+http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2353895/Teenager-Dale-Dixon-admits-killing-duty-police-officer-Chris-Findley-outside-nightclub-single-punch.html>+(last+visited+March+21,+2016).+Case+of+Gareth+Francis:+N.+Lester,+“’1,000+Years+in+Prison+Would+Not+Be+Enough+for+Him’:+Fury+as+Thug+Who+Killed+Off-Duty+Police+Officer+Celebrating+His+Birthday+with+a+Single+Punch+Then+Played+Xbox+Is+Jailed+for+Just+4.5+Years,”+Daily+Mail,+September+13,+2013,+available+at++(last+visited+March+21,+2016).+Case+of+Simon+Mitchell:+S.+Webb,+“Boy's+Fatal+‘Fist-Bomb’:+CCTV+Shows+Killer,+17,+Lashing+Out+at+Strangers+-+Just+Days+Before+He+Murdered+Man+with+Single+Punch,”+Daily+Mail,+November+22,+2013,+available+at++(last+visited+March+21,+2016).+Case+of+Matthew+Welford:+C.+Brooke,+“Killed+by+a+Single+Punch:+Caught+on+Film,+Moment+Love+Tangle+Ended+in+Tragedy+in+a+Country+Club+Car+Park,”+Daily+Mail,+December+18,+2013,+available+at++(last+visited+March+21,+2016).+Case+of+51-year+old+male:+L.+Garratt,+“Knocked+Unconscious+with+a+Single+Punch:+Horrific+Footage+of+Man,+51,+Being+Beaten+by+Robbers+as+He+Makes+His+Way+Home+from+a+Party,”+Daily+Mail,+January+20,+2014,+available+at++(last+visited+March+21,+2016).+Case+of+David+Hutchinson:+W.+Turvill,+“‘Look+What+I've+Done,+It's+My+First+Knockout’:+Baby-Faced+Teenager,+16,+Bragged+to+Friends+after+Killing+Grandfather+with+a+Single+Punch,”+Daily+Mail,+February+22,+2014,+available+at++(last+visited+March+21,+2016).+Case+of+Andrew+Young:+L.+Salkeld,+T.+Kelly,+and+H.+Gye,+“Legal+Bid+to+Overturn+Joke’+Four-Year+Sentence+Handed+to+Thug+Who+Killed+Vulnerable+Man+with+Just+One+Punch,”+Daily+Mail,+February+27,+2014,+available+at++(last+visited+March+21,+2016).+Case+of+Daniel+Brown:+K.+Corcoran,+“Brave+Man+Who+Lost+Part+of+His+Skull+and+Almost+Died+When+He+Was+Punched+in+an+Unprovoked+Assault+Now+Amazingly+Forgives+His+Attacker+and+Says:+‘I+feel+lucky’,”+Daily+Mail,+April+2,+2014,+available+at++(last+visited+March+21,+2016).+Case+of+Reece+Roberts:+K.+Corcoran,+“Thug+Who+Left+College+Student+in+a+Wheelchair+with+Half+His+Head+Missing+by+Flooring+Him+with+a+Single+Punch+for+Being+‘Mouthy’+Is+Jailed+for+Less+Than+Two+Years,”+Daily+Mail,+May+1,+2014,+available+at++(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
Burke, L., “One Punch Can Start Moral Panic: An Analysis of News Items about Fatal Assaults in Queensland between 23 September 2006 and 28 February 2009,” Queensland University of Technology Law and Justice Journal 10, no. 1 (2010): 87-105.Google Scholar
Brontë, E., Wuthering Heights (Oxford: Shakespeare Head Press and Boston/New York: Basil Blackwell and Houghton Mifflin, 1931): at chapter 7, line 55, available at <http://www.library.utoronto.ca/utel/fiction_u/brontee_wh/wh_ch7.html> (last visited March 21, 2016).Google Scholar
Winter, A., “Attorney General to Review Manslaughter Sentence of One-Punch Killer Lewis Gill,” Daily Echo, February 27, 2014, available at <http://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/news/11036922.Attorney_General_to_review_manslaughter_sentence_of_one_punch_killer_Lewis_Gill/> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
Pearlman, J., “Australia Leading the Way in Crackdown on One-Punch Killers,” The Telegraph, March 1, 2014, available at <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/10670485/Australia-leading-the-way-in-crackdown-on-one-punch-killers.html> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
Cowdery, N., “Mandatory Sentencing,” Sydney Law School, May 15, 2014, Distinguished Speakers Lecture, hosted by Sydney Law Schhol; The Hon. Justice Derek Price AM, Chief Judge of the District Court of NSW, One Punch Manslaughter: An Aspect of Sentencing in a Modern Society, November 8, 2014, Salvos Legal 2014 – Lecture Series, “Hail to the Chiefs!”, available at <http://www.salvoslegal.com.au/_salvoslegal/blog/one_punch_manslaughter__an_aspect_of_sentencing_in_a_modern_society_-_salvos_legal.pdf> (last visited March 21, 2016); Gorrey, M., “Civic Assault Prompts Push for One-Punch Laws in the ACT,” The Canberra Times, August 22, 2014, available at <http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/civic-assault-prompts-push-for-onepunch-laws-in-the-act-20140822-106uuj.html#ixzz3HUT20i6l> (last visited March 21, 2016).Google Scholar
Laws.com, “Mandatory Sentencing Explained,” available at <http://trial.laws.com/sentence/types-of-sentences/mandatory-sentencing> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
Hoel, A. and Gelb, K., “Sentencing Matters: Mandatory Sentencing,” Sentencing Advisory Council, August 2008, at 2, available at <http://www.sentencingcouncil.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/publication-documents/Mandatory%20Sentencing%20Sentencing%20Matters%20Research%20Paper.pdf> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
White, A., “The Juridical Structure of Habitual Offender Laws and the Jurisprudence of Authoritarian Social Control,” University of Toledo Law Review 37, no. 3 (2006): 705-745.Google Scholar
Quilter, J. A., “One-Punch Laws, Mandatory Minimums and ‘Alcohol-Fuelled’ as an Aggravating Factor: Implications for NSW Criminal Law,” International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 3, no. 1 (2014): 81-106, available at <http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2118&context=lhapapers> (last visited March 21, 2016).Google Scholar
See Hoel and Gelb, supra note 44.Google Scholar
Crimes and Other Legislation Amendment (Assault and Intoxication) Act 2014 (NSW): <http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/num_act/caolaaia2014n2621.pdf> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
Safe Night Out Legislation Amendment Act 2014 (Queensland), available at <https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/LEGISLTN/ACTS/2014/14AC042.pdf> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
Sentencing Amendment (Coward's Punch Manslaughter and Other Matters) Act 2014 (Victoria, Australia).Google Scholar
Huntsdale, J., “One-Punch Laws Working, AG Tells Wollongong Lawyers,” ABC Illawarra NSW, August 27, 2014, available at <http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2014/08/27/4075379.htm> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
Rule of Law Institute of Australia, Mandatory Sentencing in NSW, at 6, available at <http://www.ruleoflaw.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Booklet_Rule-of-Law-Institute_Mandatory_Sentencing.pdf> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
Safe Night Out Legislation Amendment Act 2014 (Queensland), available at <https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/LEGISLTN/ACTS/2014/14AC042.pdf> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
Poynting, S. and Morgan, G., eds., Outrageous! Moral Panics in Australia (Hobart, Tasmania, Australia: ACYS Press, 2007); White, R., “Youth Gangs, Violence and Social Respect: Exploring the Nature of Provocations and Punch-Ups,” Palgrave Macmillan, June 13, 2013, at 84.Google Scholar
Garland, D., “On the Concept of Moral Panic,” Crime Media Culture 4, no. 1 (2008): 9-30; Goode, E. and Ben-Yehuda, N., “Moral Panics: The Social Construction of Deviance,” Annual Review of Sociology 201, no. 1 (1994): 149-171; Cottle, S., Mediatized Conflict: Developments in Media and Conflict Studies (Issues in Cultural and Media Studies) (Open University Press, May 1, 2006): at 54-73, 120-142, and 185-194.Google Scholar
See Burke, supra note 37.Google Scholar
Novak, L., “New Coward-Punch Laws Provide Eight-Year Minimum Jail Term,” The Advertiser, August 4, 2014, available at <http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/new-cowardpunch-laws-provide-eightyear-minimum-jail-term/story-fni6uo1m-1227013456195?nk=285bb4156dce24474b47a059eea5a571> (last visited March 21, 2016); Criminal Law Consolidation (Assaults Causing Death) Amendment Bill 2014 (SA), available at <http://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/B/CURRENT/CRIMINAL%20LAW%20CONSOLIDATION%20(ASSAULTS%20CAUSING%20DEATH)%20AMENDMENT%20BILL%202014_HON%20ROBERT%20BROKENSHIRE%20MLC/B_AS%20INTRODUCED%20IN%20LC/CRIMINAL%20DEATH%20AMENDMENT%20BILL%202014.UN.PDF> (last visited March 21, 2016); Wills, D., “Mandatory Eight-Year Jail Terms for One-Punch Attacks Won't Deter Violence, Says SA Law Society,” The Advertiser, August 24, 2014, available at <http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/mandatory-eightyear-jail-terms-for-onepunch-attacks-wont-deter-violence-says-sa-law-society/story-fni6uo1m-1227035226826> (last visited March 21, 2016). (last visited March 21, 2016).' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Novak,+L.,+“New+Coward-Punch+Laws+Provide+Eight-Year+Minimum+Jail+Term,”+The+Advertiser,+August+4,+2014,+available+at++(last+visited+March+21,+2016);+Criminal+Law+Consolidation+(Assaults+Causing+Death)+Amendment+Bill+2014+(SA),+available+at++(last+visited+March+21,+2016);+Wills,+D.,+“Mandatory+Eight-Year+Jail+Terms+for+One-Punch+Attacks+Won't+Deter+Violence,+Says+SA+Law+Society,”+The+Advertiser,+August+24,+2014,+available+at++(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
Erickson, S., “‘One Punch’ Legislation Commenced in the Northern Territory,” Alternative Law Journal 38, no. 1 (2013): 58-59, available at <https://www.altlj.org/news-and-views/downunderallover/duao-vol-38-1/499-one-punch-legislation-commenced-in-the-northern-territory> (last visited March 21, 2016).Google Scholar
Department of the Attorney-General and Justice, Annual Report 2012-2013, Northern Territory Government, available at <http://www.nt.gov.au/justice/general/documents/Annual_report_2012-13/AGD_Annual_Report_2012_13.pdf> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
Criminal Code Amendment (Violent Act Causing Death) Act 2012 (NT).Google Scholar
See Gorrey, , “One-Punch Laws Not the Answer to Drunken Violence in Canberra: Corbell,” The Canberra Times, August 24, 2014, available at <http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/onepunch-laws-not-the-answer-to-drunken-violence-in-canberra-corbell-20140824-107t6a.html> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
Fraser, A., “ACT Not Following NSW and Victoria with Mandatory Sentencing for One-punch Assaults Resulting in Death,” Law Reform News, September 15, 2014, available at <http://www.criminallawyers.net.au/act-not-following-nsw-and-victoria-with-mandatory-sentencing-for-one-punch-assaults-resulting-in-death/> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
Byrne versus The Queen (2014) ACTCA 31, Supreme Court Of The Australian Capital Territory Court Of Appeal, August 11, 2014, available at <http://www.courts.act.gov.au/supreme/judgment/view/8362/title/byrne-v-r> (last visited March 21, 2016); Crimes Act 1900 (ACT), available at <http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/a/1900-40/current/pdf/1900-40.pdf> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016);+Crimes+Act+1900+(ACT),+available+at++(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
See Pandaram, supra note 33; Gorrey, supra note 42.Google Scholar
Billings, P., “Vigilance on Punch Penalties,” The Examiner, 12 January 12, 2014, available at <http://www.examiner.com.au/story/2018614/vigilance-on-punch-penalties/> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
Criminal Code Act 1924 (Tasmania), No. 69 of 1924, Consolidated as at March 1, 2016.Google Scholar
Tasmania Police, “Jail for Salamanca Coward Punch,” July 11, 2014, available at <http://www.police.tas.gov.au/news-events/media-releases/jail-for-salamanca-coward-punch/> (last visited March 21, 2016); F. Hooper, “The Coward Punch in Tasmania,” ABC Hobart, February 21, 2014, available at <http://www.abc.net.au/local/audio/2014/02/21/3949561.htm> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016);+F.+Hooper,+“The+Coward+Punch+in+Tasmania,”+ABC+Hobart,+February+21,+2014,+available+at++(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
Tassie for a ‘One Punch Can Kill’ campaign, Facebook, January 9, 2015, available at <https://www.facebook.com/OnePunch-CanKill/> (last visited March 21, 2016); Richo, online commentator in Billings, P., “Vigilance on Punch Penalties,” The Examiner, January 12, 2014.+(last+visited+March+21,+2016);+Richo,+online+commentator+in+Billings,+P.,+“Vigilance+on+Punch+Penalties,”+The+Examiner,+January+12,+2014.>Google Scholar
R v Loveridge [2014] NSWCCA 120 (July 4, 2014): item 209; The Lord Chief Justice: R v Appleby, R v Bryan and Roberts, R v Cowles and Cowles [2009] EWCA Crim 2693 (December 18, 2009), item 12, available at <http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Crim/2009/2693.html> (last visited March 21, 2016); R v Miah [2005] EWCA Crim 1798.+(last+visited+March+21,+2016);+R+v+Miah+[2005]+EWCA+Crim+1798.>Google Scholar
R v Loveridge [2014] NSWCCA 120 (July 4, 2014): item 210; The Lord Chief Justice: R v Appleby, R v Bryan and Roberts, R v Cowles and Cowles [2009] EWCA Crim 2693 (18 December 2009), item 12Google Scholar
Jeory, T. and Coates, J., “Shock Death of Andrew Young Sees Call for ‘One Punch Law’ Giving Minimum Manslaughter Term,” Express, February 26, 2014, available at <http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/461944/Lewis-Gill-killing-of-Andrew-Young-sees-call-for-One-Punch-Law-minimum-manslaughter-term> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
See Quilter, supra note 46, at 97, 102.Google Scholar
Parliament of Victoria, “Research Note on Sentencing Amendment (Cowards Punch Manslaughter and Other Matters) Bill 2014,” available at <http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/publications/research-papers/9102-research-note-on-sentencing-amendment-cowards-punch-manslaughter-and-other-matters-bill-2014> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
Sentencing Advisory Council, “Sentencing Snapshot: Manslaughter,” Publication of State Government Victoria, Sentencing Advisory Council, Melbourne, no. 141 (May 2013): at 6, available at <https://www.sentencingcouncil.vic.gov.au/publications/sentencing-snapshots/141-manslaughter-highercourts> (last visited May 23, 2016); Hoel, A. and Gelb, K., “Sentencing Matters: Mandatory Sentencing, Sentencing Advisory Council,” August 2008,” at 10, available at <http://www.sentencingcouncil.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/publication-documents/Mandatory%20Sentencing%20Sentencing%20Matters%20Research%20Paper.pdf> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+May+23,+2016);+Hoel,+A.+and+Gelb,+K.,+“Sentencing+Matters:+Mandatory+Sentencing,+Sentencing+Advisory+Council,”+August+2008,”+at+10,+available+at++(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
Sootak, J., “The Concept of Crime and Estonian Criminal Law Reform,” Juridica International (1996): 55-62, available at <http://www.juridicainternational.eu/?id=12426> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
Campbell, J. K., O'Rourke, M., and Silverstein, H. S., Action, Ethics, and Responsibility (Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: The MIT Press, 2010): at 263-264.Google Scholar
Kiser, L. J., Lefkovitz, P. M., and Kennedy, L. L., “The Integrated Behavioral Health Continuum: Theory and Practice, 1st ed. (Arlington, Virginia: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2001): at 129.Google Scholar
See Cowdery, supra note 42.Google Scholar
See Pilgrim and Gerostamoulos supra note 2; International Center for Alcohol Policies, Drinking and Violence, in the ICAP Blue Book: Practical Guides for Alcohol Policy and Prevention Approaches, available at <http://www.icap.org/PolicyTools/ICAPBlueBook/BlueBookModules/7DrinkingandViolence/tabid/168/Default.aspx> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
Crimes Act 1958, section 36, Authorised Version No. 229A, No. 6231 of 1958, Authorised Version incorporating amendments as at January 1, 2012, available at <http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/LTObject_Store/LTObjSt6.nsf/DDE300B846EED9C7CA257616000A3571/A57E26DFDAB404DCCA257975000569FB/$FILE/586231aa229A%20authorised.pdf> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar
See Cowdery, supra note 42; J. Quilter, “The Thomas Kelly Case: Why a “One Punch” Law Is Not the Answer,” Criminal Law Journal 38 (2014): 16-37, available at <http://static.squarespace.com/static/51946b60e4b08c99630579d9/t/53c39596e4b080b39b0cb2fa/1405326742896/Final%20One%20Punch%20Article%20Crim%20LJ%2038.1_Feb2014_quilter.pdf> (last visited March 21, 2016).+(last+visited+March+21,+2016).>Google Scholar