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The origin of yes–no question particles in the Niuean language1
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 June 2014
Abstract
This paper considers data from Niuean, a Polynesian language with VSO word order and an extensive range of grammatical particles. We focus on three question particles, nakai, ka and kia, examining their possible historical origins. In related languages the preferred means of forming a yes–no question is by intonation alone, while in the Polynesian languages that have yes–no question particles, the forms are lexically distinct from those found in Niuean. We argue that the Niuean unmarked question particle nakai is derived from the negative, the pragmatically marked kia construction from the polite form of the imperative, and the ka construction from a lexical item which signals confirmation. In all three cases, the question particles do not replace their original grammatical or lexical source words but rather co-exist with them in new contexts. The three question particles have all undergone a process of semantic bleaching, increased syntactic bonding, and in some cases, phonetic reduction. While two of the processes have occurred early in Niuean, one is a very recent development.
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- Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014
Footnotes
[1]
We would like to thank Tonya Stebbins, Yves Roberge, seminar audiences at the University of Queensland and the University of Toronto, and three anonymous Journal of Linguistics referees for their feedback on various versions of this paper. We would also like to thank Ofania Ikiua for her help with transcribing the data, and the Pasifika Languages of Manukau Project for access to their database. Data taken from this database are coded as coming from one of two interviews: NOFIP and NMMIP, and these codes indicate interviews with a Niuean Older Female and a Niuean Middle-aged Male.
The following abbreviations are used in this paper: 1, 2, 3 = first, second, third person; abs = absolutive; art = article; c = common; com = comitative; dem = demonstrative; dir = direction; dir1, dir2, dir3 = direction towards first, second or third person; du = dual; emph = emphatic; erg = ergative; excl = exclusive; exhrt = exhortative; gen = genitive; gl = goal; hab = habitual; lig = ligature; loc = locative; neg = negative; nfut = nonfuture; p = proper; perf = perfect; pers = personal article; pl = plural; pred = predicative marker; prt = particle; pst = past; q = question particle (q1 = nakai, q2 = ka, q3 = kia); resprn = resumptive pronoun; sbjv = subjunctive; sg = singular.
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